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Chapter 2 ARTHROLOGY ( 关节学 )

Chapter 2 ARTHROLOGY ( 关节学 ). A. Introduction B. The Joints of the Bones of the Trunk ( 躯干骨连结 ) C. The Joints of the Upper Limb ( 上肢骨连结 ) D. The Joints of the Lower Limb ( 下肢骨连结 ). Section 1 Introduction. A. Classifications of Arthrology ( 关节学分类 )

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Chapter 2 ARTHROLOGY ( 关节学 )

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  1. Chapter 2ARTHROLOGY (关节学) A. Introduction B. The Joints of the Bones of the Trunk (躯干骨连结) C. The Joints of the Upper Limb (上肢骨连结) D. The Joints of the Lower Limb (下肢骨连结) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  2. Section 1Introduction A. Classifications of Arthrology (关节学分类) B. The Essential Structures of a Synovial Joint (滑膜关节的主要结构) C. The Accessory Structures of a Synovial Joint (滑膜关节的辅助结构) D. The Movements of Joints (关节运动) E. The Classifications of Synovial Joints (滑膜关节的分类) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  3. A. Classifications 1. Synarthrosis (不动关节) 1) Fibrous joints (纤维连结) 2) Cartilaginous joints (软骨连结) 3) Synostosis(骨性结合) 2. Diarthrosis (动关节) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  4.  B. The Essential Structures of a Synovial Joint 1. Articular surface (关节面): articular cartilage (关节软骨) 2. Joint capsule (关节囊): fibrous membrane (纤维层) synovial membrane (滑膜层) 3. Joint cavity (关节腔): synovia (滑液), negative to the atmosphere pressure (负压) [arthritis关节炎] Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  5. C. The Accessory Structures of the Synovial Joints • Ligament (韧带) • Articular disc (关节盘) 3. Articular lip (关节唇) 4. Synovial plica (滑膜襞) 5. Synovial bursa (滑囊) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  6. D.The Movement of Joint 1. Gliding orslippingmovement (滑动) 2. Flexion (屈）andextension (伸) 3. Adduction (收) andabduction (展) 4.Pronation (旋前) andsupination(旋后) 5. Rotation (旋转) 6.Circumduction (环转) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  7. E.Types of Synovial Joints • 1.Uniaxial joints • 1) Hinge (trochlear) joints • (屈戍 [滑车] 关节) • 2) Pivot joints (车轴关节) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  8. E.Types of Synovial Joints 2. Biaxial joints 1) Elliptic (condyloid) joints (椭圆 [髁状] 关节) 2) Saddle joints (鞍状关节) 3. Polyaxial joints 1)Ball and socket (spheroidal) joints (球窝关节) 2) Plane (gliding) joints (平面[滑动]关节) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  9. Section 2 The Joints of the Bones of the Trunk A. The Vertebral Column(脊柱) B. The Thoracic Cage(胸廓) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  10. A. The Vertebral Column 1.  The Joints of the Vertebral Bodies 1) intervertebral discs (椎间盘) a.anulus fibrosus (纤维环) b.nucleus pulposus (髓核) [prolapse of intervertebral disc 椎间盘突出] Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  11. [prolapse of intervertebral disc 椎间盘突出] Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  12. A. The Vertebral Column 2)anterior longitudinal ligament (前纵韧带) Location: base of skull →sacrum. Function: a. stabilize vertebral column b. prevent hyperextension Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  13. A. The Vertebral Column 3) posterior longitudinal ligament(后纵韧带) Location: in vertebral canal. atlas →sacrum. Function: a. stabilize vertebral column b. prevent hyperflexion Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  14. A. The Vertebral Column 2. The Joints of the Vertebral Arches 1)zygapophysial joints (关节突关节) 2) ligamenta flava(yellow ligament) (黄韧带) [hypertrophy of ligamentumflava黄韧带肥厚] Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  15. A. The Vertebral Column 3)interspinal ligaments(棘间韧带) 4)inter- transverse ligaments (横突间 韧带) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  16. A. The Vertebral Column 3)interspinal ligaments (棘间韧带) 4)intertransverse ligaments (横突间韧带) 5)supraspinal ligament (棘上韧带) Location: C7→median crest of sacrum. Function: a. stabilize vertebral column b. prevent hyperflexion Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  17. A. The Vertebral Column 6)ligamentum nuchae (项韧带) Location: back of neck. Extending: C7→ external occipital protuberance. Function: stabilize the skull. Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  18. A. The Vertebral Column 3. The Vertebral Column as a Whole 1) Curvatures a.cervical curvature (颈曲) b.thoracic curvature (胸曲) c.lumbar curvature (腰曲) d.sacral curvature (骶曲) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  19. A. The Vertebral Column 2) Movements a.flexion(forward bending) (屈) b.extension(backward bending) (伸) c. lateral flexion(side bending)（侧屈） d.rotation（旋转） e.spring（弹拨） Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  20. B. The Thoracic Cage 1.Superior aperture of thorax (上口) (inlet of thorax)[syndrome of superior aperture of thorax 胸廓上口综合征] Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  21. B. The Thoracic Cage 2.Inferior aperture of thorax(outlet of thorax) (下口) 1)costal arch (肋弓) [chicken breast 鸡胸] 2)infrasternal angle (胸骨下角) [percussion 听诊] Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  22. B. The Thoracic Cage Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  23. B. The Thoracic Cage 3. Thoracic Joints 1)costovertebral joints (肋椎关节) 2)costotransverse joints (肋横突关节) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  24. B. The Thoracic Cage 3)sternocostal joints (胸肋关节) 2nd→7th Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  25. Section 3 The Joints of the Upper Limb D A. Sternoclavicular joint (胸锁关节) B. Shoulder joint (肩关节) C. Elbow joint (肘关节) D. The joints between radius and ulna (桡尺骨间关节) E. The joints of hand (手关节) A B C E Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  26. A.TheSternoclavicular Joint 1. Composition Sternum (胸骨) Clavicle (锁骨) 1st Costal cartilage (第1肋软骨) 2. Structures Capsule (关节囊) Ligaments (韧带) Articular disc (关节盘) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  27. A.TheSternoclavicular Joint 3. Movements 1) Anterior and posterior: 20º 〜 30º 2)Up and down: 60º 3) Rotation (旋转) 20 º 4)Circumduction (环转) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  28. B. The Shoulder Joint 1. Structures 1)glenoid labrum (盂唇) 2)tendon of the long head of biceps brachii (肱二头肌长头肌腱） 2. Movements 1)flexion 90º extension 35 º 2) abduction 90 º adduction 90º Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  29.  B. The Shoulder Joint 3) medial rotation45º 4) lateralrotation45 º 4) circumduction (环转) [dislocation of shoulder joint 肩关节脱位] Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  30.  C. The Elbow Joint 1. Composition 1)humeroulnar joint (肱尺关节) 2)humeroradial joint (肱桡关节) 3)proximal radioulnar joint (桡尺近侧关节) [dislocation of elbow joint 肘关节脱位] Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  31.  C. The Elbow Joint 2. Structures 1)annular ligament (环状韧带) 2)radial collateral ligament (桡侧副韧带) 3)ulnar collateral ligament (尺侧副韧带) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  32.  C. The Elbow Joint 3. Movements flexion 135º extension 135º + 15 º pronation 90º supination 90º Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  33. D. The Joints Between Radius and Ulna 1.Proximal radioulnar joint (桡尺近侧关节) 2.Interosseous membrane of forearm (前臂骨间膜) 3.Distal radioulnar joint (桡尺远侧关节) articular disc (关节盘) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  34. D. The Joints Between Radius and Ulna Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  35. E. The Joints of the Hand 1.Wrist (radiocarpal)joint (腕关节) 2.Intercarpal joints (腕骨间关节) 3.Carpometacarpal joints (腕掌关节) 4.Intermetacarpal joints (掌骨间关节) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  36. E. The Joints of the Hand Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  37. E. The Joints of the Hand 5.Metacarpophalangeal joints (掌指关节) 6.Inter- phalangeal joints (指骨间关节) [rheumatoid arthritis 类风湿关节炎] Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  38. Section 4 Joints of the Lower Limb A. The Pelvis (骨盆) B. The Hip Joint (髋关节) C. The Knee Joint (膝关节) D. The Tibiofibular Union (胫腓联结) E. Joints of the Foot (足关节) F. Arches of the Foot (足弓) A D C B E F Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  39. A. The Pelvis 1. Dividing 1) greater pelvis (false pelvis)（大骨盆） 2) lesser pelvis (true pelvis)（小骨盆） M F Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  40. A. The Pelvis 2. Apertures 1) superior pelvic aperture (pelvic inlet) (骨盆上口) 2) inferior pelvic aperture (pelvic outlet)(骨盆 a.pubic arch (耻骨弓) [下口) b.subpubic angle (耻骨下角) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  41. A. The Pelvis 3. Structures 1)sacroiliac joint (骶髂关节) 2)sacrotuberous ligt. (骶结节韧带) 3)sacrospinous ligament (骶棘韧带) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  42. A. The Pelvis 4)obturator membrane (闭孔膜) 5)pubic symphysis (耻骨联合) a.interpubic disc (耻骨间盘) b.suprapubic ligament (耻骨上韧带) c.arcuate pubic ligament (耻骨弓状韧带) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  43. A. The Pelvis Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  44. B. The Hip Joint 1. Structures 1) acetabular labrum (髋臼唇) 2)transverse acetabular ligt. (髋臼横韧带) 3)ligament of head of femur(股骨头韧带) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  45. B. The Hip Joint 4)iliofemoral ligament (髂股韧带) 5)pubofemoral ligament (耻股韧带) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  46. B. The Hip Joint 6) ischiofemoral ligament (坐股韧带) 7) zona orbicularis (轮匝带) [dislocation of hip joint 脱位] Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  47. B. The Hip Joint 2. Movements 1)flexion 125º& extension 125º + 10º 2)abduction 45 º &adduction 30 º 3)medial rotation 45 º& lateral rotation 45 º 4)circumduction (环转) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  48. C. The Knee Joint 1. Structures 1)patellar ligament (髌韧带) 2) tibial collateral ligament (胫侧副韧带) 3)fibular collateral ligament (腓侧副韧带) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  49. The Knee Joint 4)anterior cruciate ligament (前交叉韧带) 5)posterior cruciate ligament (后交叉韧带) [drawer test 抽屉试验] Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

  50. The Knee Joint 6)medial meniscus (内侧半月板) 7)lateral meniscus (外侧半月板) [meniscus injury 半月板损伤] Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

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