Lecture Presentation Software to accompany Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management Seventh Edition by Frank K. Re

1. Lecture Presentation Softwareto accompanyInvestment Analysis and Portfolio ManagementSeventh Editionby Frank K. Reilly & Keith C. Brown Chapter 11

2. Chapter 11 - An Introduction to Security Valuation Questions to be answered: • What are the two major approaches to the investment process? • What are the specifics and logic of the top-down (three-step) approach? • What empirical evidence supports the usefulness of the top-down approach? • When valuing an asset, what are the required inputs?

3. Chapter 11 - An Introduction to Security Valuation • After you have valued an asset, what is the investment decision process? • How do you determine the value of bonds? • How do you determine the value of preferred stock? • What are the two primary approaches to the valuation of common stock?

4. Chapter 11 - An Introduction to Security Valuation • Under what conditions is it best to use the present value of cash flow approach for valuing a company’s equity? • Under what conditions is it best to use the present value of cash flow approach for valuing a company’s equity? • How do you apply the discounted cash flow valuation approach and what are the major discounted cash flow valuation techniques?

5. Chapter 11 - An Introduction to Security Valuation • What is the dividend discount model (DDM) and what is its logic? • What is the effect of the assumptions of the DDM when valuing a growth company? • How do you apply the DDM to the valuation of a firm that is expected to experience temporary supernormal growth? • How do you apply the relative valuation approach?

6. Chapter 11 - An Introduction to Security Valuation • What are the major relative valuation ratios? • How can you use the DDM to develop an earnings multiplier model? • What does the DDM model imply are the factors that determine a stock’s P/E ratio? • What two general variables need to be estimated in any of the cash flow models and will affect all of the relative valuation models?

7. Chapter 11 - An Introduction to Security Valuation • How do you estimate the major inputs to the stock valuation models (1) the required rate of return and (2) the expected growth rate of earnings and dividends? • What additional factors must be considered when estimating the required rate of return and growth for foreign security?

8. The Investment Decision Process • Determine the required rate of return • Evaluate the investment to determine if its market price is consistent with your required rate of return • Estimate the value of the security based on its expected cash flows and your required rate of return • Compare this intrinsic value to the market price to decide if you want to buy it

9. Valuation Process • Two approaches • 1. Top-down, three-step approach • 2. Bottom-up, stock valuation, stock picking approach • The difference between the two approaches is the perceived importance of economic and industry influence on individual firms and stocks

10. Top-Down, Three-Step Approach 1. General economic influences • Decide how to allocate investment funds among countries, and within countries to bonds, stocks, and cash 2. Industry influences • Determine which industries will prosper and which industries will suffer on a global basis and within countries 3. Company analysis • Determine which companies in the selected industries will prosper and which stocks are undervalued

11. Does the Three-Step Process Work? • Studies indicate that most changes in an individual firm’s earnings can be attributed to changes in aggregate corporate earnings and changes in the firm’s industry

12. Does the Three-Step Process Work? • Studies have found a relationship between aggregate stock prices and various economic series such as employment, income, or production

13. Does the Three-Step Process Work? • An analysis of the relationship between rates of return for the aggregate stock market, alternative industries, and individual stocks showed that most of the changes in rates of return for individual stock could be explained by changes in the rates of return for the aggregate stock market and the stock’s industry

14. Theory of Valuation • The value of an asset is the present value of its expected returns • You expect an asset to provide a stream of returns while you own it

15. Theory of Valuation • To convert this stream of returns to a value for the security, you must discount this stream at your required rate of return

16. Theory of Valuation • To convert this stream of returns to a value for the security, you must discount this stream at your required rate of return • This requires estimates of: • The stream of expected returns, and • The required rate of return on the investment

17. Stream of Expected Returns • Form of returns • Earnings • Cash flows • Dividends • Interest payments • Capital gains (increases in value) • Time pattern and growth rate of returns

18. Required Rate of Return • Determined by • 1. Economy’s risk-free rate of return, plus • 2. Expected rate of inflation during the holding period, plus • 3. Risk premium determined by the uncertainty of returns

19. Investment Decision Process: A Comparison of Estimated Values and Market Prices If Estimated Value > Market Price, Buy If Estimated Value < Market Price, Don’t Buy

20. Valuation of Alternative Investments • Valuation of Bonds is relatively easy because the size and time pattern of cash flows from the bond over its life are known 1. Interest payments are made usually every six months equal to one-half the coupon rate times the face value of the bond 2. The principal is repaid on the bond’s maturity date

21. Valuation of Bonds • Example: in 2002, a $10,000 bond due in 2017 with 10% coupon • Discount these payments at the investor’s required rate of return (if the risk-free rate is 9% and the investor requires a risk premium of 1%, then the required rate of return would be 10%)

22. Valuation of Bonds Present value of the interest payments is an annuity for thirty periods at one-half the required rate of return: $500 x 15.3725 = $7,686 The present value of the principal is similarly discounted: $10,000 x .2314 = $2,314 Total value of bond at 10 percent = $10,000

23. Valuation of Bonds The $10,000 valuation is the amount that an investor should be willing to pay for this bond, assuming that the required rate of return on a bond of this risk class is 10 percent

24. Valuation of Bonds If the market price of the bond is above this value, the investor should not buy it because the promised yield to maturity will be less than the investor’s required rate of return

25. Valuation of Bonds Alternatively, assuming an investor requires a 12 percent return on this bond, its value would be: $500 x 13.7648 = $6,882 $10,000 x .1741 = 1,741 Total value of bond at 12 percent = $8,623 Higher rates of return lower the value! Compare the computed value to the market price of the bond to determine whether you should buy it.

26. Valuation of Preferred Stock • Owner of preferred stock receives a promise to pay a stated dividend, usually quarterly, for perpetuity • Since payments are only made after the firm meets its bond interest payments, there is more uncertainty of returns • Tax treatment of dividends paid to corporations (80% tax-exempt) offsets the risk premium

27. Valuation of Preferred Stock • The value is simply the stated annual dividend divided by the required rate of return on preferred stock (kp)

28. Valuation of Preferred Stock • The value is simply the stated annual dividend divided by the required rate of return on preferred stock (kp) Assume a preferred stock has a $100 par value and a dividend of $8 a year and a required rate of return of 9 percent

29. Valuation of Preferred Stock • The value is simply the stated annual dividend divided by the required rate of return on preferred stock (kp) Assume a preferred stock has a $100 par value and a dividend of $8 a year and a required rate of return of 9 percent

30. Valuation of Preferred Stock • The value is simply the stated annual dividend divided by the required rate of return on preferred stock (kp) Assume a preferred stock has a $100 par value and a dividend of $8 a year and a required rate of return of 9 percent

31. Valuation of Preferred Stock Given a market price, you can derive its promised yield

32. Valuation of Preferred Stock Given a market price, you can derive its promised yield

33. Valuation of Preferred Stock Given a market price, you can derive its promised yield At a market price of $85, this preferred stock yield would be

34. Approaches to the Valuation of Common Stock Two approaches have developed 1. Discounted cash-flow valuation • Present value of some measure of cash flow, including dividends, operating cash flow, and free cash flow 2. Relative valuation technique • Value estimated based on its price relative to significant variables, such as earnings, cash flow, book value, or sales

35. Approaches to the Valuation of Common Stock The discounted cash flow approaches are dependent on some factors, namely: • The rate of growth and the duration of growth of the cash flows • The estimate of the discount rate

36. Why and When to Use the Discounted Cash Flow Valuation Approach • The measure of cash flow used • Dividends • Cost of equity as the discount rate • Operating cash flow • Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) • Free cash flow to equity • Cost of equity • Dependent on growth rates and discount rate

37. Why and When to Use the Relative Valuation Techniques • Provides information about how the market is currently valuing stocks • aggregate market • alternative industries • individual stocks within industries • No guidance as to whether valuations are appropriate • best used when have comparable entities • aggregate market is not at a valuation extreme

38. Discounted Cash-Flow Valuation Techniques Where: Vj = value of stock j n = life of the asset CFt = cash flow in period t k = the discount rate that is equal to the investor’s required rate of return for asset j, which is determined by the uncertainty (risk) of the stock’s cash flows

39. Valuation Approaches and Specific Techniques Approaches to Equity Valuation Figure 13.2 Discounted Cash Flow Techniques Relative Valuation Techniques • Price/Earnings Ratio (PE) • Price/Cash flow ratio (P/CF) • Price/Book Value Ratio (P/BV) • Price/Sales Ratio (P/S) • Present Value of Dividends (DDM) • Present Value of Operating Cash Flow • Present Value of Free Cash Flow

40. The Dividend Discount Model (DDM) The value of a share of common stock is the present value of all future dividends Where: Vj = value of common stock j Dt = dividend during time period t k = required rate of return on stock j

41. The Dividend Discount Model (DDM) If the stock is not held for an infinite period, a sale at the end of year 2 would imply:

42. The Dividend Discount Model (DDM) If the stock is not held for an infinite period, a sale at the end of year 2 would imply: Selling price at the end of year two is the value of all remaining dividend payments, which is simply an extension of the original equation

43. The Dividend Discount Model (DDM) Stocks with no dividends are expected to start paying dividends at some point

44. The Dividend Discount Model (DDM) Stocks with no dividends are expected to start paying dividends at some point, say year three...

45. The Dividend Discount Model (DDM) Stocks with no dividends are expected to start paying dividends at some point, say year three... Where: D1 = 0 D2 = 0

46. The Dividend Discount Model (DDM) Infinite period model assumes a constant growth rate for estimating future dividends

47. The Dividend Discount Model (DDM) Infinite period model assumes a constant growth rate for estimating future dividends Where: Vj = value of stock j D0 = dividend payment in the current period g = the constant growth rate of dividends k = required rate of return on stock j n = the number of periods, which we assume to be infinite

48. The Dividend Discount Model (DDM) Infinite period model assumes a constant growth rate for estimating future dividends This can be reduced to:

49. The Dividend Discount Model (DDM) Infinite period model assumes a constant growth rate for estimating future dividends This can be reduced to: 1. Estimate the required rate of return (k)

50. The Dividend Discount Model (DDM) Infinite period model assumes a constant growth rate for estimating future dividends This can be reduced to: 1. Estimate the required rate of return (k) 2. Estimate the dividend growth rate (g)