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Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks. Control of Artificial Irrigation and Early Detection of Bushfires. What is a Wireless Sensor Network?. Self-organizing networks formed by many autonomous sensor nodes Each node comprises its own power supply, processing unit, radio and sensors

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Wireless Sensor Networks

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  1. Wireless Sensor Networks Control of Artificial Irrigation andEarly Detection of Bushfires 1. Dezember 2014 | Fachgebiet Mikroelektronische Systeme | Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Manfred Glesner | 1

  2. What is a Wireless Sensor Network? • Self-organizing networks formed by many autonomous sensor nodes • Each node comprises its own power supply, processing unit, radio and sensors • Typically peer-to-peer communication (no central server) • Many (100 to 10.000) sensor nodes per net • Various Applications: Industrial Automation, Building Control, Health Care, Military, Farming, Traffic Control, Home Automation, ... • Visions: „Smart Dust“, „Ambient Intelligence“, … 1. Dezember 2014 | Fachgebiet Mikroelektronische Systeme | Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Manfred Glesner | 2

  3. What are the requirementsfor a Wireless Sensor Network? • Must be kept cheapbecause large quantities are required • Must be robustto be deployable in rough environments • Must not be power-hungry • To be deployable in remote areas without any infrastructure • To keep working for several years without changing of batteries • Basic functionalities: • Sensing • Transferring data to a base station where it will be processed FhG IIS S3-TAG Porcupine v2.5 Crossbow Telos Our own (-: 1. Dezember 2014 | Fachgebiet Mikroelektronische Systeme | Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Manfred Glesner | 3

  4. TU Darmstadt´s Contribution:Reconfigurable Hardware • Dedicated circuits are orders of magnitudes more energy-efficient than software running on general-purpose chips • Software can be easily changed, hardware cannot • Programmable Logic Devices (Reconfigurable Hardware) • Are flexible,yet more efficient than software • Are composed of programmable function blocks and programmable interconnects 1. Dezember 2014 | Fachgebiet Mikroelektronische Systeme | Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Manfred Glesner | 4

  5. TU Darmstadt´s Contribution:Domain-Specific Reconfigurability RFU input ports RFU output port Data Path 3 global buses Bus1 Bus2 Bus3 Inversion Module (Inv) Register Module (Reg) Memory Module (Mem) Main Memory Interface (MIF) MAC Module MAC output actual configuration registers 11 11 11 6 16 x 21 8 10 6 6 ... 16x multi-context configuration tables 8 24 8 8 8 8 • Commercial programmable logic devices are fine-grain reconfigurable • This offers maximum flexibility at the cost of efficiency • The configuration vectors become very large • Often, limited flexibility is sufficient • Coarse-grain or domain-specific reconfigurability • Trade-Off between flexibility and efficiency • Weakly-reconfigurable devices can even outperform dedicated logic 1. Dezember 2014 | Fachgebiet Mikroelektronische Systeme | Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Manfred Glesner | 5

  6. University of Melbourne´s Contribution:Sensor Scheduling and Multi-Hop Routing • Data transmission is much more energy-consuming than data processing(sending 1 byte consumes as much energy as performing 2,000 operations on it) • Energy required for transmission is proportional to the square of the distance • Clever data aggregation, routing and communication protocols are needed • Scheduling measurements can also save energy • Not all sensors need to participate in every measurement • The measurement frequency can be varied according to the application´s current needs 1. Dezember 2014 | Fachgebiet Mikroelektronische Systeme | Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Manfred Glesner | 6

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