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Human Identity and Environmental Challenges

Human Identity and Environmental Challenges. Tim Kasser, Ph.D. Ecological Crises. More scientific research. Responses. More scientific research. Public denial and apathy. Responses. More scientific research Simple behavior changes. Public denial and apathy. Responses.

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Human Identity and Environmental Challenges

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  1. Human Identity and Environmental Challenges Tim Kasser, Ph.D.

  2. Ecological Crises

  3. More scientific research Responses

  4. More scientific research Public denial and apathy Responses

  5. More scientific research Simple behavior changes Public denial and apathy Responses

  6. More scientific research Simple behavior changes Public denial and apathy Failure to spill-over into larger lifestyle changes Responses

  7. More scientific research Simple behavior changes Policy proposals Public denial and apathy Failure to spill-over into larger lifestyle changes Responses

  8. More scientific research Simple behavior changes Policy proposals Public denial and apathy Failure to spill-over into larger lifestyle changes Tinkering due to low public demand and institutional resistance Responses

  9. Human IdentityCrompton & Kasser (2009) Human Identity

  10. Human IdentityCrompton & Kasser (2009) Human Identity Infor- mation

  11. Human IdentityCrompton & Kasser (2009) Human Identity Infor- mation

  12. Human IdentityCrompton & Kasser (2009) Behavior Human Identity Infor- mation

  13. Human IdentityCrompton & Kasser (2009) Behavior Human Identity Infor- mation Political Actions

  14. Human IdentityCrompton & Kasser (2009)

  15. Human IdentityCrompton & Kasser (2009) Group Identity

  16. Human IdentityCrompton & Kasser (2009) Group Identity Coping Strategies

  17. Human IdentityCrompton & Kasser (2009) Group Identity Coping Strategies Values & Goals

  18. Values & Goals • Guiding principles in life • Affect people’s attitudes towards particular objects and policies • Orient people to engage in particular behaviors • Many different types of values and goals exist

  19. Values & Goals • Organized in systems • Validated in many nations around world • Some values are compatible, others in conflict • Data can be represented with circumplex models • Compatible values are next to each other • Conflicting values are on opposite sides

  20. Self-Transcendence Self-Direction Universalism Openness to Change Stimulation Benevolence Hedonism Tradition Conformity Achievement Conservation Self-Enhancement Security Power

  21. Self-Transcendence Self-Direction Universalism Openness to Change Stimulation Benevolence Hedonism Tradition Conformity Achievement Conservation Self-Enhancement Security Power

  22. ValuesSchwartz (1992) • Self-enhancing values • Social power, wealth, authority, successful, influential

  23. Self-Transcendence Self-Direction Universalism Openness to Change Stimulation Benevolence Hedonism Tradition Conformity Achievement Conservation Self-Enhancement Security Power

  24. ValuesSchwartz (1992) • Self-enhancing values • Social power, wealth, authority, successful, influential • Self-transcendent values • Helpful, responsible, mature love, social justice, equality, a world of beauty, protecting the environment

  25. GoalsGrouzet et al. (2005); Kasser & Ryan (1996) • Extrinsic • “I will have enough money to buy everything I want.” • “I will achieve the ‘look’ I've been after.” • “I will be admired by many people.”

  26. GoalsGrouzet et al. (2005); Kasser & Ryan (1996) • Extrinsic • “I will have enough money to buy everything I want.” • “I will achieve the ‘look’ I've been after.” • “I will be admired by many people.” • Intrinsic • “I will express my love for special people.” • “I will help the world become a better place.” • “I will assist people who need it, asking nothing in return.”

  27. Two Applications • Dispositions • General priority placed on values in system • Stable over time

  28. Self-Transcendence Self-Direction Universalism Openness to Change Stimulation Benevolence Hedonism Tradition Conformity Achievement Conservation Self-Enhancement Security Power

  29. Two Applications • Dispositions • General priority placed on values in system • Stable over time • Activation • Moment to moment changes in priorities • Varies across situations

  30. Self-Transcendence Self-Direction Universalism Openness to Change Stimulation Benevolence Hedonism Tradition Conformity Achievement Conservation Self-Enhancement Security Power

  31. Relevance to Science Educators • Personal value dispositions are differentially correlated with ecological attitudes and behaviors

  32. Eco-Attitudes Attitudes towards the environment Good (2007); Saunders & Munro (2000) Concern about effects of environmental damage on other people, animals, and future generations Schultz et al. (2005)

  33. Eco-Behaviors in LabSheldon & McGregor (2000) Assigned people to one of three groups Played forest management game High extrinsic groups harvested forest at less sustainable rates

  34. Eco-Behaviors in Lab

  35. Eco-Behaviors in Life Frequency of riding bikes, recycling, reuse, etc. Gatersleben et al (2008); Kasser (2005); Richins & Dawson (1992) Size of Ecological Footprint 400 N Americans – transportation, housing, food Brown & Kasser (2005)

  36. Eco-Behaviors in NationsKasser (2011) 20 wealthy nations Citizens’ values for achievement, power, status, money vs. loyalty, helpfulness, social justice, a world of beauty Associated with National CO2 emissions even after controlling for GDP/capita

  37. Relevance to Science Educators • Personal dispositions towards values are differentially correlated with ecological attitudes and behaviors

  38. Relevance to Science Educators • Personal dispositions towards values are differentially correlated with ecological attitudes and behaviors • Activating one set of values: • Supports and encourages attitudes and behaviors consistent with those values • Suppresses and discourages attitudes and behaviors in conflict with those values

  39. Self-Transcendence Self-Direction Universalism Openness to Change Stimulation Benevolence Hedonism Tradition Conformity Achievement Conservation Self-Enhancement Security Power

  40. Activation of ValuesMaio et al. (2009) • Cardiff students given pre-test measure of SE, ST, and other values • Then either • Told that their peers highly valued 4 of the Self-Transcendent aims • Told that their peers highly valued 4 of the Self-Enhancement aims • Memorized value-irrelevant words (control) • Then given post-test value measure with new SE, ST, and other values

  41. Change in ST values

  42. Change in SE values

  43. Activation of Eco-AttitudesSheldon, Nichols & Kasser (2010) • University students primed with identity • Human, Missouri Student, American • Extrinsic American, Intrinsic American • Asked to recommend ideal Ecological Footprint for Americans in 5 years • 11 items

  44. Recommended EFs

  45. Activation of Eco-Behavior Vansteenkiste et al. (2004) • Subjects - education students • Asked to read a text on recycling framed as: • Helping the community (intrinsic) • Saving money (extrinsic)

  46. Activation of Eco-Behavior Vansteenkiste et al. (2004) • Compared to those given Extrinsic frames, those given Intrinsic frames: • Learned material more deeply • Were more likely to visit library to learn more • Were more likely to go on later trip to recycling plant

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