Anatomy & Physiology Overview: Body Organization and Function

1. It’s alright to have butterflies in your stomach. Just get them to fly in formation.Rob Gilbert

2. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY UNIT 1

3. Distinguish between anatomy & physiology • ANATOMY • Study of the construction of the human body; “to dissect” • PHYSIOLOGY • Describes how the human body functions STRUCTURE & FUNCTION CLOSELY RELATED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY -Describes consequences of improper functioning of body-

4. TERMS • CELL • Simplest form of living matter capable of maintaining life • TISSUE • Group of similar cells that act together in the performance of a particular function

5. TERMS (cont) • ORGAN • Part of the body having a special function • SYSTEM • Organized grouping of related structures or parts

6. ORGANIZATION LEVELS of body Arranged from simple to complex • CHEMICAL - Atoms / Molecules • CELLULAR • TISSUE • ORGAN • ORGAN SYSTEM • HUMAN ORGANISM

7. Systems descriptions • INTEGUMENTARY • Skin & related structures • Cover body, regulate body temperature, sensation structures • SKELETAL • Bones, joints, cartilage • Protect & support body organs • MUSCULAR • Skeletal – attach to bones for movement & posture • Cardiac - heart • Smooth - organs; all movement

8. SYSTEMS descriptions • NERVOUS • Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs • Receive & transmit information • ENDOCRINE • Glands • Secrete hormones & chemical substances to regulate body activities • CIRCULATORY • Heart & blood vessels • Pumps & transports blood throughout body & carries away waste • LYMPHATIC • Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymph, & lymphoid organs • Defensive role

9. SYSTEMS descriptions • RESPIRATORY • Lungs • Conduct air to & from lungs • DIGESTIVE • Stomach, intestines, accessory organs • Ingest food, breakdown substances for absorption & elimination • URINARY • Kidneys • Excrete waste & controls amount & composition of water & other substances in body • REPRODUCTIVE • Organs that allow reproduction • Produce egg/sperm to continue human species

10. HOMEOSTASIS • Ability to maintain a stable internal environment in response to a changing external environment • Homeostatic mechanisms - help maintain homeostasis • Disorders result when there is imbalance ==

11. ANATOMICAL POSITION • Standard position for anatomical descriptions & study Standing Erect Face Forward Arms at side Toes / Palms forward

12. DIRECTIONAL TERMS / relative positions • Superior / Inferior • Anterior / Posterior • Medial / Lateral • Peripheral / Central

13. DIRECTIONAL TERMS /relative positions • Proximal / Distal • Superficial / Deep • Cranial / Caudal

14. BODY PLANES • Frontal or Coronal • Divides into anterior & posterior portions • Sagittal • Divides lengthwise into right & left portions • Transverse • Divides horizontal into upper & lower portions

15. BODY CAVITIES • Viscera = Organs • located within the cavities of the body • 2 Major Cavities • Dorsal Cavity • Ventral Cavity

16. Dorsal Cavitylocate toward posterior aspect of body Cranial Located within the skull; contains brain Spinal (Vertebral) Extends downward from cranial cavity, surrounded by bony vertebrae, contains spinal cord

17. Ventral CAVITylocated toward anterior aspect of body Thoracic Cavity Located superior to the diaphragm Mostly occupied by lungs 2 compartments – pleural cavities separated by the mediastinum Abdominopelvic Cavity Located inferior to the diaphragm * Abdominal - Upper * Pelvic - Lower

18. ABDOMINAL QUADRANTS Abdominopelvic cavity - 4 Quadrants • LUQ • RUQ • LLQ • RLQ

19. ABDOMINAL REGIONS(9 Regions of abdominopelvic cavity) • 3 Central • Epigastric • Umbilical • Hypogastric • 6 regions on either side of central regions • Right & left hypochondriac • Right & left lumbar • Right & left iliac

20. TERMS • Element • Fundamental substance; cannot be broken down into a simpler form • Composed of atoms • Four elements make up approximately 96% human body weight • Oxygen: 65% • Carbon: 18.5% • Hydrogen: 9.5% • Nitrogen: 3.2%

21. TERMS • Atom • Smallest unit of an element • Basic unit of matter • 3 subatomic particles • Protons (cation) • Positive electrical charge (ion) • Neutrons • No electrical charge • Electrons (anion) • Negative electrical charge

22. TERMS • Molecule • Chemical combination of 2 or more atoms bonding (electrical attraction) • O₂, N₂ • Compound • Substance containing molecules of 2 or more chemical elements • H₂O = 2 hydrogen atoms + 1 oxygen atom, • Mixture • Combinations of 2 or more substances that can be separated by ordinary physical means & then retain their original properties

23. WATER • Most abundant compound in body • 60% weight in average adult male • 50% in female • 75% in infants • Essential for life • Universal solvent • Temperature regulator • Ideal lubricant • Crucial role in chemical reactions • Protective mechanism

24. ACIDS & BASES • Acid • Chemical substance that releases H+ ions when ionizes with water • HCl⁻= electrolyte that dissociates into hydrogen ion (H+) and an anion. • Amount of H+ determines the acidity & most of these H+ ions come from body chemical reaction • Base • Substance that combines with H+ • Is a H+ ion eliminator • Hydroxyl ion = OH⁻ • Adding a base = less acidic solution

25. ACIDS & BASES • pH • Unit of measurement indicating how many hydrogen ions (H+) is in solution • pH scale ranges 0 – 14 • 7 = neutral (pure H₂O) • < 7 = acidic solution (more H+ ions) • > 7 = alkaline solution (less H+ ions)

26. ACIDS & BASES • Buffer • Chemical substance preventing large changes in pH Buffer system • 1st line of defense against changes in blood pH • Lungs & kidneys

27. TERMS • Solution • Particles mixed together; remain evenly distributed (normal saline / salt water) • Are mixtures • Solute • Substance being dissolved / present in smaller amount • Solid, liquid or gas • Solvent • Part of solution present in greater amount; does the dissolving; liquid or gas

28. TERMs • Suspension • Mixture with relatively large particles which tend to settle to bottom unless shaken continuously • Oil & vinegar; Milk of magnesia

29. THE CELL - Basic units of living matter- the structures reflect specialized functions

30. CELL MEMBRANE • Encases cell • Regulates what enters and leave cell • Separates intracellular material from extracellular material • Semipermeable • Composed mainly of phospholipids & protein

31. CYTOPLASM • Gel-like substance inside cell but outside the nucleus • Composed primarily of water, electrolytes, nutrients, & metabolic waste products ORGANELLES Collective term for all of the other structures inside the cell

32. ORGANELLES • Nucleus • Control center • Nuclear membrane • Allows free movement of certain substances • Nucleolus • Synthesizes (produce) ribosomes & chromatin (thread structures containing genes)

33. ORGANELLES • Ribosomes • Protein synthesis activity • Mitochondria • Power plant; produce most of the energy (ATP) • Two layers: Smooth outer layer & folds (cristae) in inner layer

34. ORGANELLES • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) • Long, folded membranes forming channels • Rough (RER) • Contains ribosomes on its surface • Synthesizes protein • Smooth (SER) • Does not contain ribosomes • Synthesizes lipids & steroids

35. ORGANELLES • Golgi apparatus • Flattened membranous sacs • Receives the protein from the RER • Finishes the protein by “packaging” it for secretion • Lysosome • Cleans house (breaks down wastes) • Centriole • Cellular reproduction (separates chromosomes during mitosis)

36. STRUCTURES ON THE CELL MEMBRANE • Cilia • Short hair-like projections • Uses wave-like motion to move substances across cell’s surface • Flagella • Whiplike; fewer in number • Thicker, longer hair-like projections that help move the cell

37. Transport Mechanisms Moving water & dissolved substances across cell membrane PASSIVE MECHANISMS: diffusion facilitated diffusion osmosis filtration ACTIVE MECHANISMS: active transport pumps endocytosis exocytosis

38. Passive TRANSPORT MECHANISMS No extra energy to move water & dissolved substances across cell membrane Diffusion Movement of a substance from higher concentration to lower concentration area

39. Passive TRANSPORT MECHANISMS Osmosis Water diffuses from area of more water to area of less water through a selective permeable membrane keeping the dissolved substances from moving Osmotic pressure – ability to pull water

40. Passive TRANSPORT MECHANISMS Filtration Pressure or a force pushes substances across membrane Movement of water and dissolved substances from area of higher pressure to area of lower pressure

41. TONICITYAbility of solution to affect the volume and pressure within cell • Isotonic • Solution has same concentration as the solution it is compared with • Cell remains the same, neither gaining nor losing water • Hypertonic • Solution has more concentration (substances), lesswater Crenate = shrink(d/t osmosis of water) • Hypotonic • Solution has less concentration (substances), morewater Hemolysis = burst / lyse of RBC(d/t osmosis of water)

43. ACTIVE TRANSPORT • Transport mechanism • Requires input of energy (ATP) • Move substance for area of lower concentration to higher concentration Endocytosis- takes it into cell • Take food or liquid in by the cell membrane surrounding particleand engulfs it • 2 forms: phagocytosis & pinocytosis Exocytosis- takes it out of cell

44. Endocytosis Types(Examples of active transport) • Phagocytosis • Involves a solid particle • Pinocytosis • Cellular drinking

45. CELL DIVISION Meiosis • Cell division of sex cells Mitosis • Splitting of 1 “mother” into 2 identical cells = an exact copy of genetic information stored within the chromosomes are passed to the 2 new cells • Bodily growth and repair

46. 5 STAGES OF mitosis • Interphase • “Resting” phase • Cell is not dividing but the chromosomes in the nucleus double

47. 5 STAGES OF mitosis • Prophase, metaphase, anaphase • 3 phases in which the chromosomes line up in middle of cell • Spindles attach to chromosomes pulling/splitting them • Separate into 2 identical sets containing same genetic info

48. 5 stages mitosis • Telophase • Outer cell membrane constricts, pinching cell in half = 2 individual & genetically identical cells • Interior reorganizes • Mitosis complete

49. METABOLISM • Series of chemical reactions that raw products undergo once inside a cell so the end product can be used for cellular activity

50. METABOLISM • Anabolism • Build larger, more complex substances from simpler substances • Large protein from individual amino acids • Requires ATP for energy