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Agostinho L S Castro

Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite An Overview of the Implementation. Agostinho L S Castro. alcastro@inescporto.pt. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation. Network Implementation. 4.4 BSD supports 4 distinct communication protocol families. TCP/IP.

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Agostinho L S Castro

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  1. Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite An Overview of the Implementation Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  2. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation • Network Implementation 4.4 BSD supports 4 distinct communication protocol families • TCP/IP • XNS (Xerox Network Systems) • OSI protocols • Unix domain protocols Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  3. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation • The TCP/IP protocol suite allows computers of all sizes, from different computer vendor, running totally different • operating systems, to communicate with each other. • TCP/IP is normally considered to be a 4 layer system Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  4. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation • General organization of networking code in 4.4 BSD Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  5. sys/mbuf.h mbuf structure, mbuff macros and definitions kern/uipc_mbuf.c linux/include/linux/skbuff.h mbuf.h functions BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation • Mbufs (Memory Buffers) A fundamental concept in the design of the Berkeley Networking is the memory buffer, called an mbuf, used throughout the networking code to hold various pieces of information. Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  6. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation mbuf.h /* header at beginning of each mbuf */ struct m_hdr { struct mbuf *mh_next ; /* next buffer in chain */ struct mbuf *mh_nextpkt; /* next chain in queue record */ …………………………………………………………………………………… short mh_type; /* type of data */ short mh_flags; /* flags */ ………………………………………..………………………………………….. #define m_next m.hdr.mh_next #define m_len m.hdr.mh_len ……………………………………………………………………..…………….. }; mbuf structures Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  7. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  8. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation • Remarks on mbuf • The size of the mbuf structure is always 128 bytes • In each of the mbuf we show the m_data member • pointing to the beginning of the corresponding buffer. • (this pointer can point anywhere in the corresponding • buff – not necessarily in the front) • The m_next pointer links together the mbuf forming a • single packet into an mbuf chain • The m_next pointer links multiple packets together to • form a queue of mbuf Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  9. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation Linked list of mbuf chains with head pointer Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  10. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation • Interface layer 4.4 BSD interface layer attempts to provide a hardware- independent programming interface between the network protocols and the drivers for the network devices connected to a system The interface layer supports provides for all devices • A well-defined set of interface functions • A standard set of statistics and control flags • A device-independent method of storing protocol • address • A standard queueing method for outgoing packets Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  11. sys/socket.h  address structure definitions net/if.h  interface structure definitions net/if_dl.h  link-level structure definitions linux/init/main.c  system and interface initialisations drivers/net/skeleton.c  generic interface code drivers/net/loopback.c  loopback device driver BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation net/init_main.c  system and interface initialisations net/if.c  generic interface code net/if_loop.c  loopback device driver Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  12. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation • Interface layer • Ifnet struture • Ifaddr struture • sockaddr struture Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  13. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation • ifnet structure • It contains information common to all interfaces. • During system initialization, a separate ifnet structure is • allocated for each network device. • Every ifnet structure has a list of one or more protocol • address associated with it. Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  14. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation • ifnet description • Implementation information • List construction • Common interface information (name, such as: eth0, sl0,...) • Flags (if_flags specifies the operational state and • properties of the interface) Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  15. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation • ifnet description • Interface timer • BSD packet filter • Through BPF, a process can receive copies of • packets transmitted or received by interface • Hardware information • Interface characteristics (hardware address type • supported by the interface – Ethernet , SLIP, • loopback interface) • mtu, metric, baudrate Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  16. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation • ifnet description • Interfaces statistics • Functions pointers (interface procedures) • It contains pointers to the standard interface-layer • functions which isolate device-specific details from • network layer Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  17. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation • ifnet description • Output queue • Each interface has its own ifnet structure and • therefore it own output queue • ifaddr structure • Each interface maintains a linked list of ifaddr structures • because some data links, such as Ethernet, support • more then one protocol • A separate ifaddr structure describes each address assigned to the interface, usually one address per protocol Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  18. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation if.h struct ifaddr { struct ifaddr *ifa_next;/*next address for interface */ struct ifnet *ifa_ifp; /*back-pointer to interface */ ……………………………………………………………..….. }; Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  19. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation • sockaddr structure • Addressing information for an interface consists of • more then single host address. 4.4 BSD maintains • host, broadcast and network mask in structures • derived from generic sockaddr structure socket.h struct sockaddr { u_char sa_len; /* total length */ u_char sa_family; /* address family*/ ....................................................................... }; Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  20. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation sa_family constants Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  21. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation • Ifnet and ifaddr specialization • The ifnet and ifaddr structures contain general information • applicable to all network interface and protocol address. • To accommodate additional device and protocol-specific information, each driver defines and each protocol • allocates a specialized version of the ifnet and ifaddr structures. • Arpcom structure is common to all Ethernet drivers and contains information for the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  22. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation Arragement of ifnet structure within device-dependent structures Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  23. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation • Ethernet Initialization • cpu_start (init_main.c) • the kernel locates any attached network devices • le,sl,loop xxxattach – initialization function • each device driver for a network interface initialize a • specialized ifnet structure • if_attach function completes the initialization and • inserts the structure into linked list the interface (ifnet structure specialized, arpcom structure) • After this initialization, the interfaces are configured only • with link-level address Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  24. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  25. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation • Interface: Ethernet Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  26. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation • if_le.c • leintr Function • leintr Function examines the hardware and if a frame • has arrived. Calls lread function to transfer the frame • from the interface to a chain of mbufs • leread Function • ether_header construction • chain of mbufs construction • it passes the incoming frames to BPF Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  27. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation • ether_input Function • ether_inputfunction examines the ether_header • structure to determine the type of data has been • received and then queues the received packet for processing • broadcast and multicast recognition • link-level demultiplexing • queue the packet Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  28. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation • ether_output Function • output frames of Ethernet frames • network-level protocol (IP) call if_output function • (ifnet structure) • if_output ~ ether_output (accept and queue frame for begin transmission of frame • - verification • - protocol-specific processing • - frame construction • - interface queueing Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  29. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation • lestart Function • interface must be initialized • dequeue frame from output queue • transmit frame and pass to BPF • repeat if device is ready for more frames • mark device as busy Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  30. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation • IP: Internet Protocol Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  31. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation IP datagram, including ip structure names ip structure - ip.h file Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  32. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation • input processing • ipintr Function – ip_input.c • verification of incoming packets • dequeueing packets from ipintrq • verifies their contents • damaged or erroneous packets are silently discarded • IP version (ip_v = 4) • IP checksum • Byte ordering • Packet length Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  33. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation • ipintr Function – ip_input.c • Determines whether or not the packet has reached its final destination • NO – forward (if systems is configured as a router) • YES – transport-level protocol • Reassembly and demultipexing • The protocol specified in the datagram is mapped by ip_p. Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  34. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation ip_forward Function A packet arriving at a system other than its final destination needs to be forward. ipintr calls the function ip_forward which implements the forwarding algorithm Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  35. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation • ip_output Function – ip_output.c • two sources: ip_forward and the transport protocols • Header initialization • The first section of ip_output merge options into the outgoing packets and completes the IP header for packets that passed from the transport protocols • IP header construction • Packet already including header (for a forward packet) Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  36. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation • ip_output Function – ip_output.c • Route selection • After completing the IP header, the next task for • ip_output is to locate a route to the destination • Source address selection and fragmentation • The final section of ip_output ensure that the IP • header has a valid source address and the interface associated with the route Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  37. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation • TCP: Transmission Control Protocol tcp_debug.h, tcp_seq.h, tcp_timer.h, tcp_var.h, tcp_tcpip.h tcp_debug.c, tcp_subr.c, tcp_timer.c, tcp_usrreq.c 28 functions and almost 4,500 lines of C code Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  38. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation TCP Header tcp.h file Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  39. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation TCP Output – tcp_output.c tcp_output is called whenever a segment to be sent on a connection tcp_output determines whether a segment can be sent, and if so, what values to set all the TCP header fields Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  40. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation • tcp_output description • Send a segment • it fills in all the fields in the TCP header and passes the segment to IP for output • Calculate amount of data to send • Build MSS (maximum segment size) option • Build window scale option • Build timestamp option • Check if options have overflowed segment • Update statistics • Allocate an mbuf for IP and TCP headers • Copy data into mbuf Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  41. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation • tcp_output description • Set PSH (push flag) flag • Update statistics • Get mbuf for IP and TCP headers • Copy IP and TCP header templates into mbuf • Set sequence number filed of segment • Set acknowledgment field of segment • Set header length if option present • Don´t advertise less than one full-size segment Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  42. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation • tcp_output description • Observe upper limit for advertised window on this connection • Do not shrink window • Set urgent offset • Set retransmission timer • Persist state • Add trace record for socket debugging • Set IP length, TTL, and TOS • Pass datagram to IP Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  43. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation TCP Input – tcp_input.c • The function tcp_input is about 1100 lines code. • The function tcp_input is called by ipintr when a datagram • is received with a protocol field of TCP. Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  44. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation TCP Input – tcp_input.c • Preliminary processing • Get IP and TCP in first mbuf • Verify TCP checksum • Verify TCP offset field • Get headers plus option into first mbuf • Process timestamp option quickly • Save input flags and convert fields to host byte order • Locate Internet PCB (protocol control block) Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  45. BSD TCP/IP Protocol Suite – The Implementation TCP Input – tcp_input.c • Preliminary processing • Drop segment and generate RST • Silently drop segment • Unscale advertised window • Save connection state and TCP/IP headers if socket debug option enabled • Create new socket if segment arrives for listening socket • Computer window scale factor • Reset idle time and keep alive timer • Process TCP options if not in LISTEN state Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Agostinho L S Castro alcastro@inescporto.pt

  46. Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit Bibliography • Wright, G. R., Stevens, W. R.,"TCP/IP Illustrated – The Implementaion",Volume 2.,Addison-Wesley, 1995 . • Wright, G. R., Stevens, W. R.,"TCP/IP Illustrated – The Protocol",Volume 1.,Addison-Wesley, 1994 . • Rubini, A., “LINUX Device Drivers”, O´Reilly& Associates, Inc.,1998. • Rusling, David A., “The Linux Kernel”, LDP – www.linuxdoc.org

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