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Chapter 7

Chapter 7. The Skeleton. Part F. Thoracic Vertebrae. There are twelve vertebrae (T 1 -T 12 ) all of which articulate with ribs Major markings include two facets and two demifacets on the heart-shaped body, the circular vertebral foramen, transverse processes, and a long spinous process

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Chapter 7

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  1. Chapter 7 The Skeleton Part F

  2. Thoracic Vertebrae • There are twelve vertebrae (T1-T12) all of which articulate with ribs • Major markings include two facets and two demifacets on the heart-shaped body, the circular vertebral foramen, transverse processes, and a long spinous process • The location of the articulate facets prevent flexion and extension, but allow rotation of this area of the spine

  3. Thoracic Vertebrae Figure 7.17b

  4. Lumbar Vertebrae • The five lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) are located in the small of the back and have an enhanced weight-bearing function • They have short, thick pedicles and laminae, flat hatchet-shaped spinous processes, and a triangular-shaped vertebral foramen • Orientation of articular facets lock the lumbar vertebrae together to provide stability

  5. Lumbar Vertebrae Figure 7.17c

  6. Sacrum and Coccyx • The sacrum • Consists of five fused vertebrae (S1-S5), which shape the posterior wall of the pelvis • It articulates with L5 superiorly, and with the auricular surfaces of the hip bones • Major markings include the sacral promontory, transverse lines, alae, dorsal sacral foramina, sacral canal, and sacral hiatus • Coccyx (Tailbone) • The coccyx is made up of four (in some cases three to five) fused vertebrae that articulate superiorly with the sacrum

  7. Sacrum and Coccyx Figure 7.18a

  8. Sacrum and Coccyx Figure 7.18b

  9. Bony Thorax (Thoracic Cage) • The thoracic cage is composed of the thoracic vertebrae dorsally, the ribs laterally, and the sternum and costal cartilages anteriorly • Functions • Forms a protective cage around the heart, lungs, and great blood vessels • Supports the shoulder girdles and upper limbs • Provides attachment for many neck, back, chest, and shoulder muscles • Uses intercostal muscles to lift and depress the thorax during breathing

  10. Bony Thorax (Thoracic Cage) Figure 7.19a

  11. Bony Thorax (Thoracic Cage) Figure 7.19b

  12. Sternum (Breastbone) • A dagger-shaped, flat bone that lies in the anterior midline of the thorax • Results from the fusion of three bones – the superior manubrium, the body, and the inferior xiphoid process • Anatomical landmarks include the jugular (suprasternal) notch, the sternal angle, and the xiphisternal joint

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