Political Culture & Evolution of the State: Political Geography

1. Political Culture & Evolution of the State: Political Geography Brief History of ‘state’ and ‘sovereignty’ Terminology Characteristics of states Composition of states Functions of boundaries

2. Introduction • Political culture- every bit a component of a people as language or religion • People adhere to political ideas as they would other cultural components • Political systems are either secular, non-secular or based entirely on religion- • Theocracies- political laws and leaders under divine guidance

3. Key Points of Focus • Roughly 200 States on globe • The modern State system is product of Euro roots-Sovereignty and Nation-state • Concepts of Nations and States differ-historically • State territory varies in size/shape • State territories defined by international boundaries • What makes states react the way they do to each other?

4. Can Europe create powerful/economic union despite Nationalistic concerns?

5. Russia struggles for identity and new place in world

6. The Balkans War, genocide and refugees during 1990s

7. Israel/Palestine- Is Peace Possible?

8. Chechnya-Russia Independence for this small Russian province?

9. Can China create political and social institutions that allow for continued growth?

10. U.S. in Iraq and Afghanistan: What is the best means to deploy U.S. influence?

11. Geography and Political Organization

12. Territoriality • How can it be explained? • Effort by some to control pieces of earth surface for political means • Instinct in humans, like animals • Or, different circumstances arise that need to be analyzed separate from each other • How are different territoriality strategies pursued and when

13. State and Nation: Terminology • State and country are interchangeable • State: Latin meaning Status • Some countries have internal divisions called states- like provinces (Canada) or territories (Australia) • A nation may be larger than a state • Nation has historic, ethnic, linguistic and religious connotations • Many states are states, but not nations (in traditional sense of word)

14. Traditional Pillars of a Nation Common language Common rule of law/gov’tal institutions Common history; not as a country but as a people Same ethnic background

15. Are there Nation-states? • Virtually all states are characterized by internal diversity • Even in culturally heterogeneous states vast majority of people share strong sense of ‘nationalism’ or national spirit • National spirit is contemporary way of viewing the concept of ‘nation’

16. Stateless Nations • Many countries are states, but not nations • Not one Nation-State exists in 2010- even France is not a Nation-State • People w/out a state are Stateless-Nations • Palestinians, Native American tribes, Kurds • The mere fact Stateless-Nations exist is not vital, the problems that occur because some are stateless is problematic • The problems that exist is why the study of Stateless-Nations is important

17. Kurds are example of stateless-nation

18. Multi-Nation State • Republic of Cyprus

19. Rise of the Modern State • The Euro Model • On Euro Continent the strength of rulers produced nat’l cohesiveness • Economic revival sparked in 13/14th century & Dark Ages passed • Treaties signed at the end of the Thirty Years’ War laid foundation for state and sovereignty • Western Europe’s strong monarchies began to represent something greater than authority • Renaissance led to greater prosperity, knowledge and wealth • City-based merchants became more influential; cities grew in importance; land as measure of affluence lost relevance

20. The Nation; the State; Sovereignty • Sovereignty: power rested in the hands of the people; the nation • Emerged after Thirty Years’ War • Each nation should have its own sovereign territory • Europe controlled much of world: • Defined, determined ground rules for emerging internat’l state system • End of Colonial period led many emerging states to model statehood after the Euro model

21. Spatial Characteristics of a state • Physical and cultural properties: • States differ in as many ways as they are similar • Vast differences in size and population • State is a complex system & spirit of state is fragile • Boundaries often throw together people of various cultures and ethnicities; false sense of belonging • To succeed, a state must foster sense of legitimacy • In order to be considered a state: • Clearly defined territory • Substantial population • Authoritative/gov’t institutions • Recognized by other powers- Example: Northern Turkish Republic of Cyprus (only recognized by Turkey); is it really a sovereign state if only recognized by Turkey?

22. Territory • State must have territory to exist • Territorial Morphology- size, shape, and relative location vary from state to state • Territorial characteristics can and do pose opportunities and challenges • Large states have greater chance of having wide range of environments and resources • United States’ abundance of natural resources have enabled it to be the power it is in late 20th century and early 21st • Former Soviet Union had abundance of resources, but too many obstacles to adequately take advantage of them

23. Territorial Morphology State Shapes and Forms

24. Name that Shape!!

25. State that must traverse, at least one other, for access to the sea Relative Location • Can have more effect than size and shape of country • Resource-rich location • Relation to global mainstream of activity • Enclave and Exclaves • Landlocked- face locational challenges(9 of 20 poorest nations landlocked) * according to Global Facilitation Partnership for Trans and Trade • Political instability of coastal neighbors is problematic Soil loss in Mongolia

26. Enclaves/Exclaves

27. Landlocked • 2008: 44 landlocked countries • Country is cut from sea business: fishing & international trade

28. Establishment of Boundaries Size, Shape & Location Evolution of boundaries Boundary types

29. States Differ • Territorial size • Shape • Demography • Regime • Organizational Structures • Resources • Development

30. Relative Location • Size & shape do not determine political, social, economic well-being • One must consider a country’s location on globe • Location can/will determine a country’s foreign policy

31. Evolution of Boundaries • Three Stages • Agreement is reached and exact location is established—Definition • Cartographers place boundary on map—Delimination • Borders marked by walls, fences, etc..—Demarcation • Not all boundaries are demarcated though

32. Functions of Boundaries • Walls used to keep people from moving across boundaries • Today- boundaries mark the limit of state jurisdiction • Serve as state symbols of sovereignty and foster nationalism

33. Internal Boundaries • Needed for administrative purposes • Examples: United States, Canada, India • Some countries have cultural divides that do not show up on ma • The Former Yugoslavia is case-in-point

34. Boundary Disputes • Typically exist from following four: • Definition • Location • Operation • Allocation

35. Land Boundaries • A boundary is a Vertical Plane • Cuts through subsoil and airspace • Becomes problem when referring to resources—coal, oil, natural gas

36. The Former USSR • 100 ethnicities and two predominate religions • Armenia- Christian, Azerbaijan- Muslim • Soviets squelched religion • Set up boundaries that would allow control • Enclaves/exclaves created to keep religions together • Soviet control crumbled leaving war and conflict

38. Types of Boundaries • Lines of latitude and longitude • Rivers, Mountains, deserts • Geometric Boundary—straight line boundaries • Physical-Political or Natural-Political • Natural characteristics of land provide border • Rio Grande, Great Lakes, Pyrenees

39. Cultural-Political Boundaries • Boundaries that are created to keep certain ethnicities and/or nationalities together • USSR in Armenia and Azerbaijan • Yugoslavia-Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia, Bosnia, Macedonia, Albania