Student Diversity

1. Student Diversity Chapter 4

2. The Immigration Acts of 1924 and 1965 • 1924: The annual quota of a national group allowed to immigrate to the United States was determined by the percentage to which the total U.S. population in 1920 was comprised of that immigrant group. • 1965: Preference was given to spouses, children, and siblings of U.S. citizens. Preference was also given to professionals and persons of exceptional ability who will benefit the U.S. economy, and to skilled workers who are needed in the economy. Finally, preference was given to political refugees.

3. Latin America as opposed to Spanish America: • Encompasses all speakers of Latin-based languages including Portuguese-speaking Brazilians and French-speaking Haitians

4. Predictions of the Advisory Board for the President’s Initiative on Race, One America in the 21st Century: Forging a New Future • By the year 2005, Hispanics, who may be of any race, are projected to be the largest minority group in the United States. • By the year 2050, about 50 percent of the U.S. population will be comprised of Asians, non-Hispanic blacks, Hispanics, and American Indians.

5. According to the Advisory Board for the President’s Initiative on Race: • Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics are more likely to live in central cities of metropolitan areas than are non-Hispanic whites or American Indians. • A large percentage of non-Hispanic whites and Asians live in suburbs. The fraction living in the suburbs has increased since 1970. • On the average, Asian immigrants are highly educated and have high incomes. • Hispanic immigrants, along with immigrants from some Asian countries, have relatively low average levels of educational attainment and income.

6. 1790: Naturalization Act 1848: Treaty of Guadalupe 1855: California requires all school instruction to be conducted in English 1870: Texas requires all school instruction to be conducted in English 1897: Texas courts declare Mexican Americans “not white” 1918: Texas makes it a criminal offense to use any language but English in school instruction 1929: League of United Latin Citizens supports bilingual instruction 1930: Texas courts uphold right to segregate Mexican Americans for educational purposes. 1935: California law allows school segregation of Mexican Americans as Indians 1946: Mendez v. School District of Orange County Delgado v. Bastrop Independent School District 1952: Racial restrictions rescinded from 1790 Naturalization Law 1968: Bilingual Education Act 1970: Cisneros v. Corpus Christi Timeline of Key Decisions Affecting Mexican American Students in U.S. Schools:

7. Mendez et al. v. Westminster School District of Orange County, 1946: • A U.S. District Court ruled that the only possible argument for segregation was the special educational needs of Mexican American children.

8. 1790: Naturalization act 1855: U.S. Supreme Court rules that Chinese are “not white” 1872: California school code provides no public education for Asian Americans 1882: Chinese Exclusion Law 1885: Tape decision 1885: California creates segregated schools for Chinese 1906: San Francisco School Board creates segregated schools for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Students 1922: U.S. Supreme Court rules Takao Ogawa “not white” 1924: Mississippi courts segregate Chinese students from white students 1941-1945: Internment of Japanese Americans in concentration camps 1943: Congress rescinds Chinese Exclusion Act 1952: McCarran-Walter Act 1965: Immigration Act 1974: Lau v. Nichols Timeline of Key Decisions Affecting Asian American Students in U.S. Schools:

9. 1790: Naturalization Act 1819: Civilization Act 1821: Sequoyah completes Cherokee alphabet 1823: Cherokee Phoenix: First Native American newspaper 1830: Beginning of Trail of Tears—Indian Removal Act 1867: Indian Peace Commission 1924: Miriam report criticizing boarding school system 1924: Native Americans granted U.S. citizenship 1969: Report: “Indian Education a National Tragedy” 1972: Indian Education Act 1974: Indian students granted freedom of religion and culture 1978: Congress grants Native Americans religious freedom 1990: Native American Languages Act Timeline of Key Decisions Affecting Native American Students in U.S. Schools:

10. Six Major Goals of President Bill Clinton’s 1998 Executive Order for American Indian and Alaska Native Education: • Improve reading and mathematics; • Increase high school completion and postsecondary attendance rates; • Reduce poverty and substance abuse; • Create strong, safe, and drug-free school environments; • Improve science education; • Expand educational technology.