Chemistry II Chapter 21 Review

1. Chemistry II Chapter 21 Review The nuclear mass defect (after converting to Kg) is equivalent to the nuclear binding energy. The most stable nuclei for atoms of low atomic number, have a neutron-proton ratio that is approximately 1:1. Atomic numbers between 92 and 118 are the transuranium elements.

2. Chemistry II Chapter 21 Review The elements with the greatest binding energies are the most stable. Most stable nuclei have even numbers of both protons and neutrons. Control rods absorb some free neutrons in a nuclear reactor.

3. Chemistry II Chapter 21 Review Alpha particle = 42He (paper) Beta particle = 0-1a (lead or glass) Gamma ray = “V” (lead and concrete) Positron = 0+1a (tin foil, unless mutual annihilation, then gamma) Electron capture = 0-1e on the reactant side. Alpha decay = 42He on the product side. Beta decay = 0-1a on the product side. Positron emission = 0+1a on the product side.

4. Chemistry II Chapter 21 Review Artificial radioactive nuclides are made by artificial transmutation which is bombarding stable nuclei with charged and uncharged particles. Fission = very heavy nuclei split into more stable nuclei of lower mass. (nuclear power plants, bombs) Fusion = low mass nuclei combine to form heavier, more stable nucleus. (sun, stars)

5. Chemistry II Chapter 21 Review Components in a nuclear reactor Shielding Control rods Moderator Fuel rods Coolant

6. Chemistry II Chapter 21 Review Calculate nuclear binding energies. Calculate mass defect Calculate half-life

7. Chemistry II Chapter 21 Review Fill-in word bank Fusion Gamma rays Half-life Radioactive decay Rems Roentgen Transmutation Transuranium elements