The Progressive Era

1. Navi Baxter Hannah Early Justice Gessert Katy Todd Austin Frederickson The Progressive Era

2. Progressive’s & Worker’s Conditions • Problems • Long hours • Horrible working conditions which made strikes • Union memberships • Potential violence • Progressives urged labor reforms

3. Progressive’s Working Conditions changed • Workman's compensation • Hours changed • Child labors laws • Minimum wage • Working conditions improved • Women got paid more made only minimum wage

5. Monopoly • A monopoly is where a company buys out others of the same service • Also where they make it impossible to use a different company • They use them to gain power over a certain item • Examples • Oil companies • Internet services • US Steel

6. Progressives and Monopolies • Roosevelt elected for Progressive’s party • He didn’t care about for them • Were inevitable in any economy • He wanted to regulate monopolies

7. Progressives and Monopolies • Thought the oil company was a monopoly but Supreme Court ruled it wasn't • They were not practicing in any illegal practices

8. Progressives and Monopolies • 1909 nearly one third of the oil was manufactured by one company because of trusts or bonds • This set off public debate to take or not take action • Progressives favored taking action to protect private property

10. Austin’s Sources • http://www.fairfightfilm.org/crf/TRTrustBustingProduction.pdf • http://wps.ablongman.com/long_divine_appap_7/23/5931/1518347.cw/index.html • http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1061.html • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly

11. Muckrakers • Muckrakers were people who wrote for popular magazines about the injustices of the government • Mainly focused on exposing crime and corruption • Focused on monopoly of standard oil, cattle, meat packing, patent medicines, child labor, working conditions, wages, agriculture • Relegations of public muckraking led to public outcry, and investigations • Legislation was enacted to address the issues the writers identified

12. Muckrakers Continued • Nellie Bly- original muckraker, published book called “Ten Days in the Mad House” trying to expose patient abuse • Upton Sinclair- published a book about the conditions about meat packing  • Ray Stannard Baker- published book about conditions of coal mining

13. CONSERVATION • 1887 – 40 million acres are set aside for national forest reserve • Lands were overused • Roosevelt condemned that the world’s natural resources are not replaceable • Roosevelt set aside 1.5 million acres of water power sights and set aside 80 million acres of land that environmental people would explore • Also established more then 50 wildlife sanctuaries/national parks • National reclamation act of 1902-New Land Act

14. Justices’ Sources • - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki.Muckraker • - The Americans Text Book

15. Segregation • After slavery was abolished, three Constitutional Amendments were passed to grant newly freed slaves a legal status • 13th: abolished slavery • 14th: provided citizenship • 15th: guaranteed the right to vote

16. Segregation Continued • Blacks were separated from whites by: • Law • Private Action in transportation • Public accommodations • Recreational facilities • Prisons • Armed forces • Schools – BOTH North and South

17. Segregation Continued • 1896: Supreme Court approved legal separation of the races by its ruling in Plessey vs. Ferguson • Held separate but equal facilities • Didn’t violate U.S. Constitution's 4th Amendment

18. Women’s Social Changes • Better paying opportunities became available in towns • Women had new options for finding jobs • Men’s labor unions excluded them from membership • Turn of century- 1 out of 5 women had a job • 25% of women worked in manufacturing • Garment trade claimed half of all women workers

19. Women’s Social Changes continued • Received half or less amount of pay than their male counterparts • Many women were single and were assumed that they supported themselves • Women began to take new jobs in offices stores and classrooms • Jobs required high school education • 1890 women high school graduates outnumbered men

20. Women’s Social Changes continued • Some women did domestic work like cleaning for other families • After 2 million some African American women were freed, poverty pushed nearly half of them into the work force • Worked on farms and as domestic workers • Migrated by thousands to big cities • Would find jobs like cooks, laundresses, scrub women, and maids • 70 percent of African American women employed in 1870 were servants

21. Women’s Social Changes continued Women Lead Reform • Women pushed for reform due to: dangerous working conditions, low wages, long hours • Factory fire in 1911 • 146 women died Triangle Shirtwaist Factory NYC • More women joined reform efforts • Middle and upper class women entered public sphere • By 1910, nearly 500,000 women were members of women’s clubs • Clubs sometimes grew into reform groups

22. Women’s Social Changes continued • Many women started attending colleges • Vassar College accepted its first female students in 1865 • Smith and Wesley Colleges followed in 1875 • Columbia, Brown, and Harvard refused to accept women, but opened separate colleges for women

23. Women’s Social Changes continued • 19th Century • Marriage wasn’t a woman’s only choice • Almost half of all college educated never married • Retained independence • Applied educated skills to much needed social reforms

24. Women’s Social Changes continued Women and Reform • Women not allowed to vote or run for office • Women reformers wanted to improve working and home conditions • “Social housekeeping” helped workplace reform, housing reform, educational improvement, and food and drug laws

25. Women’s Social Changes continued • 1896- African American women formed NACW (National Association of Colored Women) • The association managed nurseries, reading rooms, and kindergartens

27. Women’s Social Changes continued • Women became upset after the Seneca Falls convention of 1848 • Were angered black men had the right to vote, but women didn’t • National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWAS) founded in 1869 by Anthony and Elizabeth Stanton

29. Taxation • 1913- The 16th Amendment legalized a graduated federal income tax • This provided money by taxing individual and corporate earnings • Smaller incomes weren’t taxed as high as larger incomes because of the graduated income tax

30. Taxation continued • By 1917, the government was getting more money on income tax than it had ever gotten from high tariffs • Today, income taxes are the main source of money for the government

31. Navi’s Sources • The Americans Text Book • http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/brown/brown-segregation.html

32. Aiding the poor • Social Gospel Movement- Preached salvation through the service to the poor. • Made working conditions better • Many poor people had awful jobs • Dangerous, unsanitary, and low paying

33. House settlements • Community centers in slum neighborhoods that provide assistance to immigrants and the poor • Ran by mainly middle class people • Provided Language, Culture, and Social Service classes • Benefited the poor, but mainly immigrants.

34. James Addams- One of the most influential members of the movement • 1890 Janie Potter Barrett- Locust Street Social Settlement. First African American Settlement house. • Hampton Virginia • By 1910- 400 Settlement Houses were in use across the nation.

35. Regulating Food and Drugs • False advertising • ‘Our product cures cancer!’ Or ‘helps hair grow!’ • No labels • Food contained drugs • People became addicted • Drugs could be dispensed anywhere

36. Food and Drugs Act • Saying that products can’t sell with false advertising. And that they need to stop being poisonous if they were in the first place. • Shut down all operations of poisonous products • Companies change their recipe for things. • Coca Cola took cocaine out of recipe

38. Efficiency in the Work Place • Assembly line was invented. • Created more manageable work for women and children • Got work done in a more timely manner • Some people couldn’t handle it because it moved too quickly.

39. Breaking Down the Work • Discovered separating big jobs into smaller jobs was more efficient. • Had the physically competent do a lot of the hard labor. • Mentally competent do the mental labor. • Nearly doubled production in many factories. • Came up with shifts

40. Hannah’s Sources • http://www.fairfightfilm.org/crf/TRTrustBustingProduction.pdf • http://wps.ablongman.com/long_divine_appap_7/23/5931/1518347.cw/index.html • http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1061.html • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act • http://www.academicamerican.com/progressive/topics/progressive.html

41. Reforming Elections • Initiative: bill originated by the people rather than the lawmakers. • Referendum: a vote on the initiative • Recall: enabled voters to remove public officials from elected positions by forcing them to face another election before end of their term.

42. Reforming Elections continued • William S. U’Ren wanted a secret ballot. • The initiative and referendum gave people power to create laws. • People could petition to place an initiative on the ballot.

43. Reforming government • Natural disasters played big parts in city governments • A hurricane and tidal wave knocked out the entire town of Galveston, Texas • City council members had to find people to help rebuild the town

44. Reforming Government Part 2 • People elected a city council to make laws. • The council finds a manager, usually someone with a lot of training and/or experience to run the cities • Managers were administering nearly 250 cities around 1925

46. Katy’s Sources • The Americans Text Book