What is Psychology? David Myers (8th Edition) Prologue

1. What is Psychology?David Myers (8th Edition)Prologue PowerPoint Slides Mr. Mable Tucker High School 2012

2. Prologue: The Story of Psychology

3. Student’s will be able to: • Define Psychology • Explain the specific jobs Psychologist do • Name key psychologist in its history • Describe where Psychology came from • List the Major Modern Perspectives • List the types of degrees needed in psych • Explain how to be a better psych student

4. Prologue: The Story of Psychology Psychology’s Roots • Prescientific Psychology • Psychological Science is Born • Psychological Science Develops

5. Prologue: The Story of Psychology Contemporary Psychology • Psychology’s Big Debate • Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis • Psychology’s Subfields

6. WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY?

7. Psychology is:The scientific study of _____ and _____processes

8. Psychology • _____ = The study of • ______ come from the Latin Psyche meaning the _______

9. Psychology attempts to answer the following questions: • Why do I do the things that I do? • _________?

10. Behavior vs. Cognitive Cognitive Behavior Can be seen Something that can be ________ i.e. Pushups kissing _______ playing football • Cannot normally be seen • Cognitive means ______ • It is any mental activity • For example: dreaming perception __________ judgments planning

11. Pre-Scientific Psychology

12. Psychology’s Roots Prescientific Psychology www.bodydharma.org/photo/buddha.jpg In India, Buddha wondered how sensations and perceptions combined to form ideas.

13. Prescientific Psychology Confucius (551-479 B.C.) home.tiscali.be/alain.ernotte/livre/confucius.jpg In China, Confucius stressed the power of ideas and the importance of an educated mind.

14. Prescientific Psychology Hebrew Scriptures www.havurahhatorah.org/images/hebrewbible.jpg Hebrew scriptures linked mind and emotion to the body.

15. Prescientific Psychology Socrates (469-399 B.C.) and Plato (428-348 B.C.) http://www.law.umkc.edu http://www.law.umkc.edu Socrates Plato Socrates and his student Plato believed the mind was separate from the body, the mind continued to exist after death, and ideas were innate.

16. Prescientific Psychology Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) http://faculty.washington.edu Aristotle suggested that the soul is not separable from the body and that knowledge (ideas) grow from experience.

17. Aristotle • Wrote the ____ book about psychology called Peri Psyches • Greek: “_______” • The Greek letter ___ Is the symbol of Modern Psychology.

18. Prescientific Psychology Rene Descartes (1596-1650) http://www.spacerad.com http://ocw.mit.edu Descartes, like Plato, believed in soul (mind)-body separation, but wondered how the immaterial mind and physical body communicated.

19. Prescientific Psychology Francis Bacon (1561-1626) http://www.iep.utm.edu Bacon is one of the founders of modern science, particularly the experimental method.

20. Prescientific Psychology John Locke (1632-1704) biografieonline.it/img/bio/John_Locke.jpg Locke held that the mind was a tabula rasa, or blank sheet, at birth, and experiences wrote on it.

21. Prescientific Psychology What is the relation of mind to the body?

22. Prescientific Psychology How are ideas formed?

23. Historical Perspectives Where did Psychology come from?

24. Modern Scientific Psychology You should know the differences between: • _________ = Why? • Physiology = Science of _________ • Psychology = What Causes ________?

25. Psychological Science is Born __________ Titchner (1867-1927) Wundt (1832-1920) Wundt and _______ studied the elements (atoms) of the mind by conducting experiments at Leipzig, Germany, in 1879.

26. Wilhelm Wundt • Made the first ________ ________ EVER in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany. • A student of his named G. Stanley ___ made the first Psych lab in the United States at Johns _____ University in Baltimore, MD. His lab was modeled after Wundt’s.

27. G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) • Started 1st laboratory in ___ • Invited Sigmund Freud & Jung to visit USA • Translated Freud’s work into English • 1st President of the _____ • Founded American Journal of Psychology • Studied adolescence and childhood • Promoted the study of educational psychology • Earliest study of the differences between men and women

28. Psychological Science is Born _________ James (1842-1910) Mary Calkins Influenced by Darwin, William James established the school of functionalism, which opposed structuralism.

29. William James • Wrote the first modern textbook EVER in _____ called _______ of Psychology. • James was a professor of Psychology at _______ University. • Much of what was in his book still holds true today!

30. Gestalt Psychology • A theory of mind and brain that proposes that the operational principle of the brain is holistic, parallel, and analog, with self-organizing tendencies; or, that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts • Counters attempts to believe one can break down the mind or experience into bits and parts, as if we were machines . • The idea that we tend to see the “Big Picture”, the forest instead of individual trees. Experience is always more than the sum of its parts • Gestalt means _________or ________. What do you see?

31. What do you see?

34. The _____ is greater than the sum of its _____!

35. Psychological Science is Born The Unconscious Mind Freud (1856-1939) Sigmund Freud and his followers emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior.

36. Sigmund FreudAustrian Neurologist (1856-1938) • Invented Psychoanalysis the “talking cure” • Unconscious mind • _____ Interpretation • Importance of early childhood experiences • Theory of personality (Id, ego, superego) • Defense mechanisms such as repression, displacement • ______ conflict Time Magazine voted him the 2nd Most Influential Person in 20th Century

37. Sigmund Freud • Medical Doctor of Neurology. • “__________ of the Mind”. • Founded: Psychoanalysis/Psychoanalytic Approach Dream Analysis Free Association(the “_____ _____”) The ____________ Mind And lots more…

39. Psychological Science Develops ____________ Skinner (1904-1990) Watson (1878-1958) Watson (1913) and later Skinner emphasized the study of overt behavior as the subject matter of scientific psychology.

40. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) Brilliant Russian Scientist Won Nobel Prize in Medicine for study of the digestive system Contribution to Psychology • Concept of the “Conditioned Response” • Classical __________ (learning by association) Famous for his experiments with dogs illustrating the effects of conditioning

41. Who is conditioning whom?

42. John B. Watson and Behaviorism • He believed it is _________ to study consciousness. • ______: the school of psychology, founded by John Watson, that defines psychology as the scientific study of ______ behavior

43. Little Albert – Where is he now? Watson succeeded in conditioning fear into a normal child who previously did not react fearfully to the sight of a white rat, now the child feared all things white and furry (generalization)

44. B.F. SkinnerAmerican Psychologist (1904-1990) • Pioneered “_______Conditioning” which is a kind of conditioning based on reinforcement (rewards & punishment) • Promoted “Radical Behaviorism”, everything we do, think and say is the result of conditioning • Invented all kinds of laboratory devices to study the learning process and measure simple behaviors in laboratory animals called a “_______Box”

45. Skinner Boxes Skinner was a genius at developing ways to precisely measure behavior in laboratory settings.

46. Psychological Science Develops Humanistic Psychology Maslow (1908-1970) http://facultyweb.cortland.edu Rogers (1902-1987) http://www.carlrogers.dk _____________ and Rogers emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential and our need for love and _______.

48. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs

49. Psychology Today We define psychology today as the scientific study of _____ (what we do) and ______ processes (inner thoughts and feelings).

50. The GOALS of Psychology • Observe • _____ • Explain • Predict • _____