Chapter 3 and 4

1. Chapter 3 and 4 Suffixes and Prefixes

2. Suffixes • When a suffix begins with a vowel the combining “o” is not used

3. Pronunciation • “g” and “c” are soft when followed by an “i” or “e” as in ginger or cent • “g” and “c” are hard like in good or can when followed by an “o” or “a”

4. Plural Forms • When a term ends in “us” the “us” is dropped and “i” is added to show the plural • Staphylococcus……staphylococci- round bacterium that grows in small clusters • Infections of the bones or kidneys are frequently caused by this bacterium • Also causes boils, and skin abscesses • Streptococcus……streptococci- round bacterium that grows in twisted chains • Causes strep throat, rheumatic fever, sinus infections, kidney problems

5. More hints • When two consonants begin a word (or suffix)…the first one is silent • Pneumonia • blepharoptosis

6. Hernia o/cele • Bulging forth or protrusion of an structure • Muscle, organs, tissues • Rectocele- rectum protruding into the vagina • Cystocele- bladder protruding into the vagina • Omphalocele- protruding navel occurs at birth

7. -lapse • To fall, sag or slide • Prolapse- sliding forward or down

8. Blood Cells • Erythrocytes- red blood cells carry oxygen to the cells • Hemoglobin- iron containing protein that carries oxygen • Produced in the bone marrow

9. Blood Cells • Leukocytes- white blood cells • Granulocytes- form in the bone marrow • Three types • Eosinophil- aid in allergic reactions • Basophil- aid in inflammation • Neutrophil- polymorhonuclear, phagocytes cells that engulf bacteria and break them down

10. Blood Cells • Leukocytes- white blood cells • Agranulocytes- produced in the lymph nodes and spleen • Lymphocytes- T and B cells produce antibodies to destroy foreign cells and proteins (antigens) • Monocytes- engulf and destroy debris leftover after the neutrophils have attacked cells • Thrombocytes- platelets- blood clotting cells fragments

11. Other Blood Facts • Antibodies- Produced by white blood cells …responsible for attaching to foreign cells and antigens • Developed after exposure to bacteria and viruses and other antigens • Vaccination for a disease • Autoimmune developed in response to self • Rh factor- this is a protein found on red blood cells some people have it and some don’t • Important in pregnancy and blood transfusions and transplantation of organs

12. Blood Disorders • Leukocytosis- increased number of (normal) circulating white blood cells • Leukemia- increased number of abnormal white blood cells circulating- cancerous blood cells • Anemia- means no blood, reduction in red blood cells or hemoglobin circulating • Aplastic anemia- no formation of blood cells by the bone marrow

13. Circulation Basics • Arteries carry blood away from the heart to arterioles • Arterioles branch into capillaries • Capillaries have thin walls that allow oxygen and other nutrients to leave and move into surrounding cells • Venules connect to capillaries and pick up waste and dump into veins • Veins carrry blood to the heart

14. Amniocentesis • Amnion- sac that surrounds the developing fetus • -centesis- puncture to remove fluid • This procedure is done to determine genetic abnormalities in the developing fetus • Cells removed during the procedure are cultured and then studied to determine the karyotype

15. Genetic Inheritance • Congenital anomalies- defects one is born with some are genetic BUT not all. • Environmental exposures can account for many problems • Health habits of the parents also contribute (fetal alcohol syndrome) • Genetic contributions to congenital defects are not always apparent in the parents

16. Ultrasonography • Use of ultrasound waves to produce an image of body structures • Used to view developing fetus, heart, and other structures • Used to determine if an ectopic pregancy has occurred (pregnancy outside the uterus) • Useful in viewing the fetus to determine if congenital anomalies exist

17. Laparoscopy • Peritoneoscopy • Visual examination of the abdominal cavity • Instrument is called a laparoscope • Used to do exploratory surgery or remove appendix, gallbladder, repair hernias, perform tubial ligations and for performing biopsies

18. Other stuff…. • Acromegaly- caused by high levels of growth hormones leads to large hands, feet and face • Splenomegaly- enlarged spleen • Achondroplasia- (failure to grow) bones are abnormally short

19. Endocrine glands • Parathyroid- located on the dorsal surface of the thyroid glands- regulate blood calcium levels • Ovaries and Testes- produce sex hormones and sex cells • Adrenal Glands- endocrine glands located on the top of the kidneys (suprarenal glands) • Produce epinephrine (adrenaline) creates changes in the circulatory system including heart rate and increased blood pressure • Dilates the bronchial tubes

20. Male and Female Reproductive Systems • Know the basic structures and surrounding structures (pubis symphysis, bladder, urethra, etc.) • Transuretheral resection- removal of part of the prostate gland needed if hypertrophies occurs

21. More other Stuff • Contralateral- on the opposite side of the body • Ipsilaterial- on the same side of the body

22. Assignments Chapters 3 and 4 • Practical application P 89 • Exercises: A, B, C, D, F and K • Pronunciation of Terms Pp. 98-101 • Chapter 4 • Practical application P 124 • Exercises A, B, C, E, I and J