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Announcements

Announcements. History and Memory is a required text of the class 2/14 - Midterm Papers Due @ start of lecture! Office Hours – 11:15-12:45 in Lit 354 2/28 – Community Event Reflection due! 3/1 – Email description of creative project to TAs! What medium? Prose? Poetry? Film? Music? Visual?

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Announcements

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  1. Announcements • History and Memory is a required text of the class • 2/14 - Midterm Papers Due @ start of lecture! • Office Hours – 11:15-12:45 in Lit 354 • 2/28 – Community Event Reflection due! • 3/1 – Email description of creative project to TAs! • What medium? Prose? Poetry? Film? Music? Visual? • List key questions, themes, and texts your project will explore. • 2-3 sentences max • 3/13 – Creative project due!

  2. Lecture 7: The Yellow Peril WWII & Executive Order 9066

  3. Issei & Nisei • 1880s – begin arriving in HI as Chinese immigration prohibited  were Japanese Mongolian or white? • 62% of HI’s total population in 1920 = Asian immigrants • 42.7% of HI’s Asian population in 1923 = Japanese immigrants • 1890s – first waves to mainland • 1882 – only 2,039 Japanese • 1902 – 72,257 – majority Issei (first generation) • 1922 – 138,834 – Issei and Nisei (second generation) • Pre-WWII – 70% of all mainland Japanese live in CA; largest Asian group in CA

  4. Issei: Meiji Sojourners • 1853 – Commodore Perry forcibly opens Japan to western trade • 1868 – Meiji Restoration unites Japan; high taxes imposed on agriculture to fund Westernization and modernization programs • 1884 – Japan allows Hawaiian labor recruiters • 1885-1924  200,000 to HI; 180,000 to mainland • Predominantly young males - 60% younger than 30 • Better educated and literate than most immigrants at that time because of Meiji compulsory education • Farming but not peasant class • Meiji immigration policies: • Required immigration application & review process • Active encouragement of female immigration to curb problems Chinese encountered

  5. Picture Brides & Female Sojourners • 1911-1920: • 46% of immigrants to Hawaii = female • 39% of immigrants to mainland = female • Conditions of immigration: • Women defined more by ties to husband than ties to home • Tradition of arranged marriage & picture bride system • 19th century industrialization in Japan • Meiji compulsory education of women • Hawaiian contract labor policies

  6. Japanese American Labor • Hawaiian plantation labor =Inter-ethnic antagonism and pan-Asian unionization • Early 1900s – majority of mainland immigrants = migrant labor & cannery workers • By 1910 – development of mainland Nihonmachi and Japanese businesses • By 1925 – 46% of mainland Japanese were farmers • Contract, share, lease, and ownership methods • Kenjinkai - prefectural-based association; tanomoshi – credit-rotating association; kobaikumiai – farmer cooperatives; nogyokumiai – farmer associations • Technological advance of refrigerated cars = increase in demand for fruit & vegetables nationwide

  7. Anti-Japanese Backlash 1902 – push to renew Chinese Exclusion Act to include Japanese Oct 11, 1906 – SF Board of Education attempts to segregate school system; Pres. Theodore Roosevelt intervenes 1908 Gentleman's Agreement  No segregation but Japan agrees to limit # of new immigrants; families can still be reunited 1913 – Alien Land Law passed in CA 1920 – land laws tightened so that American born children of aliens ineligible for citizenship could not lease land 1921 – Ladies Agreement – Japan prohibits picture brides

  8. Issei & Nisei – Alien & Citizen 1922 – Ozawa v US – Takao Ozawa attempts to prove fitness for citizenship; denied because non-white 1924 – National Quota Act – targets Japanese immigration; reaffirms exclusion of previous Asian immigrants

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