The Civil War

1. The Civil War • 1861 – 1865 • Changed the face of the nation • Social, economic and political factors are causes • Causes are all linked to slavery • Watershed of American history / birth of “modern America”

2. The Road to War - expansion • Westward expansion • Louisiana Purchase (1803) • Missouri Compromise (1820) • Mexican War (1846-1848) • Gold Rush (’48 – ’49) • Compromise of 1850 • Transcontinental railroad • Kansas / Nebraska (1854) • New expansion puts increased stresses on political divisions, which in turn aggravates political divisions

3. The Road to War - politics • compromise and conflict • The Constitution – open to interpretation / passing the buck • Henry Clay (Whig) – the Union at all costs • John Calhoun / Jeff Davis (Democrats) – “honor” at all costs; states’ rights • William Lloyd Garrison (abolitionist) – emancipation at all costs; a “Higher law” • Steven Douglas (Democrat) – “popular sovereignty” and the splintering of the Democrats (N / S) • Abraham Lincoln (Republican) – Union… and more?

4. The Road to War - regionalism • Economic differences – Hamilton vs. Jefferson • Social differences – gentleman vs. greasy mechanic • Interpretations of the Constitution – states rights and federal power (5th, 9th and 10th Amendments) • Dred Scott (1857) – politics and regionalism implode • Northern plans for the future / Southern paranoia over the future (South being eclipsed?) • John Brown 1859 – playing on fears and greasing the gears • Election of 1860 – regionalism surpasses politics as determining factor !!

5. The Beginning • Aftermath of the election of 1860 – the wheels in motion; Davis to the forefront • Secession and confederation – the border states? • Buchanan Admin. – anyone for duck? • Federal duties and protection of forts • Crittenden Compromise – yeah, right • Lincoln’s Inauguration (March 1861) “we must not be enemies” – “you yourselves must be the aggressors” – “better angels of our nature”

6. Major Events - 1861 • The border states&& • Ft Sumter (call to arms) • Bull Run / 1st Manassas (innocence lost)\/ • Coiling the Anaconda • McClellan takes command; organization and inactivity • War in the West – where the war was won / lost?? • “Trent Affair” • Davis is successful in forming a Confederate army, government and identity; loyalty? That’s another issue • Lincoln takes heat; bends the rules

7. Major Events - 1862 • Peninsular Campaign (On to Richmond?)00 • Battle of Shiloh – foreshadowing of blood • Ironclads – watch out world • Union takes New Orleans, much of Mississippi River (unleashing “the Beast”) • Jackson shreds Shenandoah; Lee comes to command • 2nd Bull Run (Pope-head)@@ • Confederate “high water mark” – fall ‘62 • Antietam (oops, I won / change has begun)^^ • 37th Congress

8. Major Events - 1862 (cont) • Elections of 1862 • Mac gets axed; Grant returns • Campaign for Vicksburg beginsLL • 1st conscription and income tax acts North and South (“rich man’s war – poor man’s fight”) • Union “Burned” at Fredericksburg ** • Union’s “Valley Forge” in worst winter of the war • Murfreesboro/Stones River++

9. Major Events - 1863 • Desertions on the rise (North and South) • Women lead the way in reforming medical care • Union navy begins to choke off Confederacy; economic crises result (“Richmond Bread Riot”) • Nature of each society impacts its war effort: South’s “states rights” weakens war effort; North’s industrial focus strengthens; “died of a theory” • Emancipation Proclamation goes into effect – Mass 54th comes into being 00 • Virginia ravaged; Mississippi squeezed

10. Major Events – 1863 (cont) • Hooker whipped at Chancellorsville() • Grant’s siege of Vicksburg tightens the screws on Davis and Lee • Lee invades North again and loses at Gettysburg • Vicksburg falls simultaneously (July 4th)MM • New York draft riots / Copperheads revving up • Mass 54th shows bravery at Ft Wagner-- • Union loss at Chickamauga reversed by Grant with big win at Chattanooga • Gettysburg Address – “last full measure”; “great consummation”

11. Major Events - 1864 • Grant gets overall command of Union forces and faces Lee • Competing views of reconstruction / black participation • Grant whipped in the Wilderness but moves forward** • Sherman gets command in the West and moves on Atlanta; “total war” – new Anaconda has vicious coils • Heavy fighting sees terrible casualties (Wilderness to Petersburg) and growing anti-war movement in the North (“copperheads”)-- • Forrest’s raid on Ft Pillow ends exchange of prisoners of war (prisons bulge North and South; Andersonville is the worst of them all)

12. Major Events – 1864 (cont) • Presidential election looks bad for Lincoln (McClellan runs for Democrats) • Union suffering large numbers of casualties and is stalled outside of Petersburg and Atlanta • big Union wins going into Nov ’64 tip scales (Sherman takes Atlanta; Sheridan shreds Shenandoah; Farragut at Moblie Bay) and Lincoln wins election • Lincoln gets more “spiritual” • Union resolved to fight to end; CSA is getting weaker and weaker • Arlington National Cemetery / Thanksgiving established (examples of spite / spirit) • Sherman’s “March to the Sea” pounds Georgia

13. 1865 – the end • Total war takes its toll/Sherman shreds South Carolina • Lincoln’s 2nd inaugural address calls for “malice towards none” • After 10 months Grant breaks Lee’s lines at Petersburg and takes Richmond • Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox in early April (how done is important)() • Davis tries to move capital to Texas but is caught; all armies surrender by May • War is over; Reconstruction begins **

14. To be, or not to be… 1865 1863 1859

15. assassination • April 14, 1865 (Good Friday) • Part of larger conspiracy…??? • John Wilkes Booth is assassin • Many in South see assassination as tragedy for the South as well (so much for “malice for none, charity for all”?) • Fulfillment of prophecy? End of misery?; either way, is the end of Lincoln the man, creation of Lincoln the “American God” - mythologized

16. Reconstruction • Presidential vs Congressional Reconstruction • Blacks in the new society? • SOUTH IS TRASHED!!! • Johnson vs Radical Republicans • Military enforces government will • Civil rights bills / vetos • 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments • Impeachment • Election of Grant • 1st African-American gains (Freedman’s Bureau)

17. Reconstruction – successes and failures • “Civil War” Amendments are good, but enforcement is not • KKK – “Jim Crow” • Sharecropping and tenant farming (sucks) • Amnesty Act of 1872 • “Panic” of 1873 • Election of 1876 • Compromise of 1877 • Is the war over?? – 1860’s lead to 1960’s

18. Effects of the War • 600,000 + casualties North and South • South demolished; North booming (victory of Hamilton over Jefferson????) • Northern boom will feed 2nd Industrial Revolution, production and big business • Federal authority supreme over states rights (United States “is” instead of “are”) • Popular government is saved (survives internal crisis; increases democratic influence across the globe)

19. Effects of the War – cont. • “Civil War Amendments” – 13, 14 and 15; move from civil war to civil rights • US is militarized nation (new tech, training and tactics – Native tribes screwed!) • Sparks 2nd and largest wave of immigration to the US (results of economic boom and opportunity; will change face of US culture) • Power of the presidency transformed (Lincoln expands “war powers” and commander in chief role) Congress will seek to reduce this during Reconstruction

20. Effects of the War – cont. • 2nd American Revolution • - womens’ rights • - “New South”; plantocracy is dead • - 1st draft / income tax (growth of federal government and national interests) • - Civil rights issue and conflicts (segregation and the vote; issue to go on) - changes in daily lives of Americans (technological and economic advances)

21. Mary Lincoln • All 3 brothers die during war, as well as her mother and Willie • Moved with Robert and Tad to Chicago in ’65 • Robert marries in ’68 and she and Tad travel Europe for 3 yrs • Tad falls ill on trip and dies in ’71 • Grows increasingly delusional and is institutionalized by Robert • Friends sue for her release – goes to live with sister • Dies of stroke in 1882

22. William Lloyd Garrison • Publishes last issue of “Liberator” in late 1865 • 10 minute standing ovation at celebration of ratification of 13th Amendment – makes amends with Frederick Douglass • Active in temperance and womens’ suffrage movements • Two sons become active reformers well into 20th century • Dies 1879

23. Where they go from there – US Grant • General in Chief until 1868 • Runs for Republicans and elected President in 1868 and 1872 • His administrations are scandal-ridden; Reconstruction falters • Joins investment firm and goes broke because of it • Spends last months writing memoirs to provide wealth for family • Dies of cancer; family wealth returns

24. Where they go from there – Lee • Lee helps South to deal with surrender and do it peacably • Offered $50,000 for use of his name; refuses • Offered and accepts presidency of Washington University • Dies 1870; school becomes Washington and Lee U.

25. Where they go from there – McClellan • After loss in 1864 he goes to Europe for several years • Returns to become governor of New Jersey • Successful in business ventures (railroads and management) • Dies in 1885 after publishing memoirs

26. Where They Go from There - Hancock • Lingering effects of Gettysburg wound • Success at Spotsylvania and difficulties at Petersburg • Relieves Sheridan in Shenandoah • Criticized as too lenient during Reconstruction military administration • Presidential aspirations frustrated in 1868 and 1880 • Dies in 1886 while still on active duty

27. Where they go from there – Longstreet • Sent west after Gettysburg and led successful attack at Chickamauga • Goes back east and is wounded at Wilderness • Resumes command in 1865 and is there at Appomattox • Scourge of South for becoming a Republican and supporting Grant • US Minister to Turkey and commissioner of Pacific railways • Dies 1904

28. Where they go from there – Davis • Captured in Georgia in May of 1865 • Imprisoned for 2 years in Va. before released • Spent some time in Canada and Europe to recover; treason trial never happens • Died in 1889 after writing several books; enjoys financial support of admirers • Citizenship restored by Congress in 1978

29. Where they go from there – Sherman • Full general by 1866; in command of all US forces during Grant’s presidency and up to 1884 • Native tribes learn to hate Sherman as much as Georgians did • Refuses all offers of political office • Dies 1891

30. Where they go from there – Barton • At Lincoln’s request, she gets involved for missing soldiers search • Spends 1865 and much of 1866 at Andersonville burying thousands • Went to Europe; comes back with drive to create US Red Cross • Through 1880’s, 90’s serves at national disasters and at Spanish American War • Serves as president of Red Cross till 1904; active till death in 1912 at age 90

31. William Seward • Survives assassination attempt – son does too, but wife does not • Stays on as Johnson’s Sec of State • “Seward’s Folly” – purchase of Alaska in 1867 • Retires in 1869 – travels the globe for 14 months • Dies 1872

32. Nathan Bedford Forrest • Penniless at end of war; hired as a railroad exec and earns another fortune • Supports the formation of the KKK in 1867 – becomes 1st Grand Wizard • Distances himself from KKK 2 years later, asking it to disband because it has become too violent and has strayed from his view of its original intent • Dies of diabetes-related complications in 1877; body disinterred and moved in 1904 to Forrest Park in the heart of Memphis in 1904

33. Harriet Tubman • Moves back to Auburn, NY after war – close friends with the Seward family • Always short on cash, gets help from many admirers • Builds home for elderly blacks to convalesce – spends last few years there • Dies 1913 of pneumonia (and being really, really old)

34. Where they go from there – Chamberlain • Seriously wounded at Petersburg; promoted to Brig. General • 4-term governor of Maine • President of Bowdoin College • Attends Gettysburg reunion in 1913 • Dies 1914

35. Where they go from here - Douglass • During Reconstruction, he fights vigorously for full citizenship of African Americans and is active in womens rights movement • Serves as Asst. Sec. of Santo Domingo Comm., D.C. Marshall, and US Minister to Haiti • 1875 commemoration of Mass 54th monument in DC – “what will peace bring???” • Dies Feb. of 1895 in D.C.; pissed at lack of civil rights progress; advocates direct action and “agitation” to secure rights • 