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Effects of Wireless Communication Signals on Biological Systems: A Comprehensive Review

This review provides an overview of studies on the biological effects of wireless communication signals, including SAR levels, genetic effects, cellular/molecular effects, electrophysiology, behavior, and other effects.

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Effects of Wireless Communication Signals on Biological Systems: A Comprehensive Review

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  1. Cell Phone SARmax Dimbylow and Mann (1994)- 2.3 and 4.8 W/kg/gm tissue per W output at 900 MHz and 1.8 GHz. Anderson and Joyner (1995)- 0.12-0.83 W/kg Gandhi et al. (1999)- 0.13-5.41 W/kg/gm tissue at 0.6 W output (835 and 1900 MHz) Van de Kamer and Lagendijk (2002)- 1.72-2.55 W/kg /gm tissue at 0.25 W output (915 MHz)

  2. Studies on Wireless Communication-related Signals Cancer Effect:Adey (99); Auvinen (02); Hardell (99, 00, 01, 02a,b; 03a,b; 05a,b,c; 06a,b); Lonn (04); Repacholi (97); Stang (01); Wolf (04) No Effect:Adey (00); Anane (03); Bartsch (02); Cain (97); Chaynaud (99); Chang (05);Christensen (04, 05);Cook (03); Hardell (04); Heikkinen (01, 03); Hepworth (06); Higashikubo (99); Imaida (98a,b); Inskip (01); Johansen (01, 02); Kahn (03);La Regina (03);Muscat (00a,b); Lonn (05); Salford (97); Schoemaker (05); Shirai (5); Schuz (06); Sommer (04); Zook (01); Utteridge (02); Warren (03); Yu (06) *Cell phone industry-sponsored studies in red

  3. Studies on Wireless Communication-related Signals Genetic Effects Effect: Aitken (05); Belyaev (05, 06); Czyz (04); d’Ambrosio (02); Diem (05); Goswami (99); Harvey & French (00); Gadhia (03); Ivaschuk (97); Maes (96a,b); Markova (05); Mashevich (03); Nikolova (05); Pacini (02); Phillips (98); Sarimov (04); Sykes (01); Tice (02); Wang (05);Zotti-Martelli (05) No Effect:Antonopoulos (97);Bisht (02); Chang (05); Finnie (05); Fritz (97); Gorlitz (05); Gos (00); Hook (04a); Kuribayashi (05); Li (01); Maes (01, 06); Malyapa (97); McNamee (02a,b, 03); Morrisey (99); Sakuma (06);Takahaski (02); Vijayalaxmi (01a,b, 03); Whitehead (05); Zeni (03)

  4. Studies on Wireless Communication-related Signals Cellular/Molecular Effects Effect: Aksoy (05); Ayata (04); Barteri (05); Caraglia(05); French (97); Ilhan (04); Irmak (02); Kimata (05); Kwee & Raskmark (98); Kwee (01); Leszczynski (02); Litovitz (93, 97); Mancinelli (04); Marinelli (04); Markkanen (04);Mausset (01); Mausset-Bonnefont (04); Nylund (04); Oktem (05); Ozguner (04, 05a,b,c, 06); Pyrpasopoulou (04); Penafiel (97); Persson (97); Philippova (94); Salford (03); Stagg (97); Shallom (02); Stopczyk (02); Tafforeau (02); Testylier (02) Velizarov (99); Wang (05); Weisbrot (03); Wolke (96); Yariktas (05);Zmyslony (04) No Effect: Capri (04a); Capri (04b); Desta (03); Gatta (03); Higashikubo (01);Hook (04b); Lantow (06); Laszlo (05);Li(99); Lee (05);Lim (05); Merola (06); Roti-Roti (01); Simko (06) Simsek (03); Stagg (01); Tsurita (00)

  5. Studies on Wireless Communication-related Signals Electrophysiology Effect:Beason & Semm (02); Bolshakov & Alekseev (92); Borbely (99); Croft (02); Curcio (05); D’Costa (03); Esen (06); Eulitz (98); Freude (98, 00); Hamblin (04); Hinrichs (04); Huber (00, 02, 03); Kellenji (99); Kramarenko (03); Krause (00a,b; 04); Lebedeva (00, 01); Loughran (05); Maby (04, 05); Mann & Rosche (96); Marino (03); Papageorgiou (04, 06); Von Klitzing (95); Vorobyov (04); Xu (06) No Effect:Arai (03);Aran (04);Haarala (03b); Hamblin (06); Hietanen (00); Linz (99) Rosche & Mann (97); Sievert (05); Urban (98); Wagner (98,00)

  6. Studies on Wireless Communication-related Signals Behavior Effect:Borbely (99); Cao (00); Curcio (04); Edelstyn & Oldershaw (02); Eliyahu (05); Hladky (99); Jech (01); Koivisto (00a,b); Langer (2005); Lee (01, 03); Loscher & Kos (98); Maier (04); Mann & Rosche (96); Preece (97); Santini (01, 02); Smythe & Costell (03) No Effect:Besset (05);Bornhausen & Scheingnaber (00); Dubreiul (02, 03); Haarala (03a,b, 04, 05);Koivisto (01);Preece (05); Russo (05);Schmid (05); Sienkiewicz (00); Wagner (98;00); Yamaguchi (03)

  7. Other Effects: Nervous system Blood-brain barrier Calcium Cardiovascular warm sensation Hormones Immunology Metabolic rate/effect Reproduction/growth Subjective symptoms

  8. Studies on Wireless Communication-related Signals Other Effects Effect: Aalto (06); Aksen (04); Al-Khlaiwi (04); Balik (05); Balikci (05); Bergamaschi (04); Braune (98); Burch (02); Chia (00); Dasdag (99, 00); DiCarlo (02); Donnellan (97); Fejes (05); Forgacs (06); Garcia (05); Grigor’ev (03); Grisanti (98); Hocking (98); Huber (05);Jarupat (03); Kilgallon (05); Kimata (02); Imaida (98a,b); Khudnitskii (99); Koyu (05b); Lopez-Martin (06); Meo (05); Monfrecola (03); Moustafa (01); Oftedal (00); Ozguner (05); Panagopoulos (04); Paredi (01); Salford (94); Sandstrom (01); Schirmacher (01); Singh & Bate (96); Sukhotina (06); Tkalec (05); Wilen (03, 05) No Effect:Anane (03); Bakos (03); Bortkiewicz (02); Braune (02); Celik (04); Chagnaud & Veyret (99);Cranfield (01); Dasdag (03); DeSeze (98, 99); Finnie (01, 02); Franke (05);Fritze (97); Galloni (05a,b);Hata (05); Hietanen (02); Janssen (05); Jensh (97); Kizilay (03);Koyu (05a); Mann (98); Marino (00); Monnery (04); Nakamura (03); Ozturan (02); Parazzini (05); Pau (05); Tahvanainen (04); Tuschi (05); Uloziene (05); Vollrath (97); Yuasa (06)

  9. Cell Phone Biological Studies Effect No Effect Total Industry- Funded 27 66 93 (30%) (29%) (71%) Non-Industry- 147 67 214(70%) Funded(69%) (31%) Total 174(57%) 133 (43%) 307 c2 = 39.93 (p< .001) (3/3/06)

  10. Studies reporting biological effects of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) at low intensities (1)Balode (1996)- blood cells from cows from a farm close and in front of a radar showed significantly higher level of severe genetic damage. (2)Boscol et al. (2001)- RFR from radio transmission stations (0.005 mW/cm2) affects immunological system in women. (3)Chiang et al. (1989)- people who lived and worked near radio antennae and radar installations showed deficits in psychological and short-term memory tests.

  11. (4) de Pomerai et al. (2000, 2002) reported an increase in a molecular stress response in cells after exposure to a RFR at a SAR of 0.001 W/kg. This stress response is a basic biological process that is present in almost all animals - including humans. (5) De Pomerai et al. (2003) RFR damges proteins at 0.015-0.02 W/kg. (6) D'Inzeo et al. (1988)- very low intensity RFR (0.002 – 0.004 mW/cm2) affects the operation of acetylcholine-related ion-channels in cells. These channels play important roles in physiological and behavioral functions. (7) Dolk et al. (1997)- a significant increase in adult leukemias was found in residents who lived near the Sutton Coldfield television (TV) and frequency modulation (FM) radio transmitter in England.

  12. (8) Dutta et al. (1989) reported an increase in calcium efflux in cells after exposure to RFR at 0.005 W/kg. Calcium is an important component of normal cellular functions. (9) Fesenko et al. (1999) reported a change in immunological functions in mice after exposure to RFR at a power density of 0.001 mW/cm2. (10) Hjollund et al. (1997)- sperm counts of Danish military personnel, who operated mobile ground-to-air missile units that use several RFR emitting radar systems (maximal mean exposure 0.01 mW/cm2), were significantly lower compared to references. (11) Hocking et al. (1996)- an association was found between increased childhood leukemia incidence and mortality and proximity to TV towers.

  13. (12) Ivaschuk et al. (1999)- short-term exposure to cellular phone RFR of very low SAR (26 mW/kg) affected a gene related to cancer. (13) Kolodynski and Kolodynska (1996)- school children who lived in front of a radio station had less developed memory and attention, their reaction time was slower, and their neuromuscular apparatus endurance was decreased. (14) Kwee et al. (2001)- 20 minutes of cell phone RFR exposure at 0.0021 W/kg increased stress protein in human cells. (15) Lebedeva et al. (2000)- brain wave activation was observed in human subjects exposed to cellular phone RFR at 0.06 mW/cm2.

  14. (16) Magras and Xenos (1999) reported a decrease in reproductive function in mice exposed to RFR at power densities of 0.000168 - 0.001053 mW/cm2. (17) Mann et al. (1998)- a transient increase in blood cortisol was observed in human subjects exposed to cellular phone RFR at 0.02 mW/cm2. Cortisol is a hormone involved in stress reaction. (18) Marinelli et al. (2004)- exposure to 900-MHz RFR at 0.0035 W/kg affected cell’s self-defense responses. (19) Michelozzi et al. (1998)- leukemia mortality within 3.5 km (5,863 inhabitants) near a high power radio-transmitter in a peripheral area of Rome was higher than expected. (20) Michelozzi et al. (2002)- childhood leukemia higher at a distance up to 6 km from a radio station.

  15. (21) Navakatikian and Tomashevskaya (1994)- RFR at low intensities (0.01 - 0.1 mW/cm2; 0.0027- 0.027 W/kg) induced behavioral and endocrine changes in rats. Decreases in blood concentrations of testosterone and insulin were reported. (22) Novoselova et al. (1999)-low intensity RFR (0.001 mW/cm2) affects functions of the immune system. (23) Novoselova et al. (2004)- chronic exposure to RFR (0.001 mW/cm2) decreased tumor growth rate and enhanced survival in mice. (24) Park et al. (2004) higher mortality rates for all cancers and leukemia in some age groups in the area near the AM radio broadcasting towers.

  16. (25) Persson et al. (1997) reported an increase in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier in mice exposed to RFR at 0.0004 - 0.008 W/kg. The blood-brain barrier envelops the brain and protects it from toxic substances. (26) Phillips et al. (1998) reported DNA damage in cells exposed to RFR at SAR of 0.0024 - 0.024 W/kg. (27) Polonga-Moraru et al. (2002) change in membrane of cells in the retina (eye) after exposure to RFR at 15 mW/cm2. (28) Pyrpasopoulou et al. (2004) exposure to cell phone radiation during early gestation at SAR of 0.0005 W/kg (5 mW/cm2) affected kidney development in rats. (29) Salford et al. (2003)- nerve cell damage in brain of rats exposed for 2 hrs to GSM signal at 0.02 W/kg.

  17. (30) Santini et al. (2002)- increase in complaint frequencies for tiredness, headache, sleep disturbance, discomfort, irritability, depression, loss of memory, dizziness, libido decrease, in people who lived within 300 m of mobile phone base stations. (31) Sarimov et al. (2004)- GSM microwaves affect human lymphocyte chromatin similar to stress response at 0.0054 W/kg. (32) Schwartz et al. (1990)- calcium movement in the heart affected by RFR at SAR of 0.00015 W/kg. Calcium is important in muscle contraction. Changes in calcium can affect heart functions. (33) Somosy et al. (1991)- RFR at 0.024 W/kg caused molecular and structural changes in cells of mouse embryos. 

  18. (34) Stagg et al. (1997)- glioma cells exposed to cellular phone RFR at 0.0059 W/kg showed significant increases in thymidine incorporation, which may be an indication of an increase in cell division.  (35) Stark et al. (1997)- a two- to seven-fold increase of salivary melatonin concentration was observed in dairy cattle exposed to RFR from a radio transmitter antenna. (36) Tattersall et al. (2001)- low-intensity RFR (0.0016 - 0.0044 W/kg) can modulate the function of a part of the brain called the hippocampus, in the absence of gross thermal effects. The changes in excitability may be consistent with reported behavioral effects of RFR, since the hippocampus is involved in learning and memory.

  19. (37) Vangelova et al. (2002)- operators of satellite station exposed to low dose (0.1127 J/kg) of RFR over a 24-hr shift showed an increased excretion of stress hormones. (38) Velizarov et al. (1999) showed a decrease in cell proliferation (division) after exposure to RFR of 0.000021 - 0.0021 W/kg. (39) Veyret et al. (1991)- low intensity RFR at SAR of 0.015 W/kg affects functions of the immune system. (40) Wolke et al. (1996)- RFR at 0.001W/kg affects calcium concentration in heart muscle cells of guinea pigs.

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