WELLINGTON COUNTY

1. WELLINGTON COUNTY SILO GAS AND HAZARD AWARNESS

2. Learning Outcomes The participant will: • Discuss gases formed in farm silos • Discuss hazards and characteristics of Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen Dioxide • Identify common types of silos • Discuss safety hazards and procedures for silo emergencies

3. What is Silo Gas ? silo gas is formed within the confined space of a silo after chopped sileage is loaded into the silo Natural fermentation takes place, releasing gases including carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide

4. Carbon Dioxide Facts and characteristics • This gas is produced within a silo in high amounts • CO2 displaces oxygen inside the silo • Odourless and colourless • CO2 is heavier than air and will settle in low-lying areas • High concentrations of CO2 give little warning to persons about to be overcome by lack of oxygen

5. Nitrogen Dioxide Facts and characteristics • Highly toxic • Strong bleach like odour • Low-lying yellow, red or dark brown fumes in high concentrations • Lower concentrations will be colourless • Heavier than air….will collect in chutes, feed rooms and the base of a silo • Generally begin to reach peak levels about 3 days after the silo has been filled

6. Nitrogen Dioxide Facts and characteristics Cont’d • Nitrogen Dioxide will cause severe irritation to nose and throat. Inflamation of the lungs, shortness of breathe, headaches and nausea will also be present • Symptoms may present themselves similar to phnemonia 2 to 6 weeks after exposure What makes this gas especially dangerous is that a low-level exposure may be accompanied by minor discomfort and little or no pain. Death has occurred hours later as fluid collects in the lungs. Emergency responders have died in their sleep after an exposure

7. Youtube Videos • 1. “Silo Gas Concerns” • 2. “Deadly Silo Gas Video”

8. Common Types of Silos • Conventional Silos • Oxygen Limiting Silos • Converted oxygen Limiting Silos

9. Conventional Silos • Made of banded concrete slabs, poured concrete or steel plates • Top un-loading • Fires may occur from malfunctioning unloading equip, spontaneous combustion, crops put away too dry or barn fires in close proximity to the silo • Rescue may be required if workers enter the silo to service unloading equipment

10. Oxygen Limiting Silos • Made of poured concrete or steel plates • Unloaded from the bottom • Fires usually occur from oxygen leaking into the silo through seams, unloading areas, crops put in too dry, barn fires in close proximity • Workers generally do not have to enter this type of silo during unloading phase • Extremely O2 deficient atmosphere

11. Converted Oxygen Limiting Silos • An oxygen limiting silo that has been converted to a conventional silo • May be unloaded from the top or bottom • Hazards from both styles of silo may be present

12. Safety Hazards and Procedures FIRES • Toxic gases may be produced when a silo is burning • Grain dust may produce explosive atmospheres • Never enter a burning silo • Ensure adequate water supply before attempting to suppress the fire • Consider the use of foam

13. Safety Hazards and Procedures FIRES • In “conventional silo’s” only apply as much water as necessary to ensure containment • Large amounts of water will collapse the structure • Must empty the structure to ensure extinguishment • Do not climb outside ladder…heat may have weakened the ladder or structure

14. Safety Hazards and Procedures FIRES • In “oxygen limiting silos” never open hatches, doors or spray water into the structure • Introducing water and oxygen may result in an explosion • Specific manufacturer should be consulted for suppression procedures

15. Youtube Videos • “Grain Silo Explosion Demo” • “Live Dust Explosion at FM Research Centre”

16. Safety Hazards and Procedures RESCUES • Identify all risks • Use air monitors to determine O2 deficient atmospheres • May require the use of mechanical ventilation • Lock-out and tag-out any power sources including loading and un-loading equip • Use of SCBA and harness’s will be required • Treat as a confined space and follow SOG’s and dept. protocols

17. Safety Hazards and Procedures Grain Entrapment • Full ppe including harness and life line shall be worn by rescuer • Ensure all power is locked and tagged out • If worker is submerged or cannot be pulled out cut “V” or “U” shaped holes in the side of the silo on opposite sides and equally around • DO NOT open the hopper or hole beneath the victim • Use retaining walls or “coffer dam” if grain is above victims head • Use shovels and vacuums to remove grain from around the victim • Provide breathing assistance if required • DON’T GIVE UP…persons have survived up to 2 hours after being submerged in the grain

18. Youtube Videos • “Stored Products Research and Educational Centre: Grain Bin rescue” • “Grain Bin Safety 2011”