Final Exam Review!

1. Final Exam Review! For Freedom! For Honor! For Glory!

2. Final Exam Set Up • Thursday, June 19th • 8:15-10:30 • Test Set-Up: • 60 Multiple Choice • 4 CRQs

3. How Should I Study?!? • Easy: Study every night from 15-20 minutes • Do NOT cram the night before. Let your brain absorb the information a little at a time. • Have a study buddy! Study with a parent, friend, or Ms. LaComb • Beginning today I will have lunch study sessions. Feel free to come and review!

4. Question 7 • What is a primary source? • a document written by someone from that time period who may have experienced or witnessed the event. • Examples: newspapers, diaries, journals, letters, ect…

5. Question 8 • How did the first humans get to North America? • Beringia--they walked across the land bridge during the Ice Age they were hunters following herds • spread out • different cultures formed

6. Question 9 • How did diseases affect Spain’s ability to conquer the Native Americans? • smallpox, flu, cold, measles – Natives were so sick they could not fight back

7. Question 10 • Why did different Native American culture areas develop? • Native Americans used the materials that were in their environments • Examples: Algonquins and Iroquois are similar because they are in the same culture area • What role did geography play in the development of these differences? • Plains are different because they are in a different culture Area • Example: Eastern Woodlands vs. Great Plains

8. Question 11 • Define Civilization: • an advanced culture that includes: cities, a well-organized government, complex religion, social classes, specialized skills and jobs, and some method of record keeping

9. Question 11 • How are the Aztecs, Incas, and Mayas examples of Civilizations? • Aztecs: built capital at Tenochtitlan, schools for priests, 18 month calendar • Incas: built terraced farms, advanced building, brain surgery, roads • Mayas: social pyramid, hieroglyphics, number system, calendar, astronomy

10. Question 12 • Why were Europeans looking for a Northwest Passage? • They wanted an all water route through or around North America to get to Asia (East Indies, Middle East) because they wanted to trade there (after Crusades

11. Question 13 • What did Europeans want from North and South America? • trade, money, religious freedom, expand their nation’s power (nationalism) • GOLD, GOD, GLORY

12. Question 14 • How are the Mayflower Compact and the Virginia House of Burgesses similar? • they are both examples of early attempts at representative government for the people in the colonies

13. Question 15 Describe the climate, land, and economic activities of the three colonial regions

14. Question 16 • According to this cartoon created by Benjamin Franklin, what would happen to the colonies if they didn’t join together in the Albany Plan of Union during the French & Indian War? • They would not be able to survive on their own. Franklin wanted a Grand Council to join them together to create laws and tax. The colonists rejected his idea.

15. Question 17 • What were the causes and effects of the French and Indian War? Causes Effects French & English were Large debt  increased taxes competing for the same land in the Ohio French lost land and power in North River Valley America Native chose sides Algonquins - French Iroquois - English

16. Question 18 What were the causes and effects of the American Revolution? Causes Effects No Taxation Without Representation Independence Escalation – Sons of Liberty Britain loses land and influence Proclamation of 1763 Declaration of Independence written Acts passed France as ally

17. Question 19 • Name and describe three events in the escalation to the American Revolution: 1. Tea Act – Tea Party – Intolerable Acts 2. Boston Massacre 3. Stamp Act

18. Question 20 The following image is entitled The Bloody Massacre and was created by Paul Revere.

19. Question 20 • What is propaganda? • ideas or statements that are often false or exaggerated and that are spread in order to help a cause, a political leader, a government • How is this picture an example of propaganda? • Revere’s engraving shows the British lined up shooting at the colonists who are unarmed, dog for pity, designed to make colonists angry with British (especially those in Southern and Middle Colonies – title Bloody Massacre – only 5 people died – not a massacre • Who would support this engraving? Patriots or Loyalists, why? • Patriots—this engraving make the British look bad and helps the Patriot cause

20. Question 21 On Monday night about eight o’clock, two soldiers were attacked and beaten… about 100 people passed and went toward the custom-house, where the King’s money is lodged. They immediately surrounded the sentinel [guard] posted there, and with clubs and other weapons threatened to execute their vengeance [revenge] on him…. The mob still increased and were more outrageous, striking their clubs or bludgeons one against another, and calling out, “come on you rascals, you bloody backs, you lobster scoundrels, fire if you dare….” They advanced to the points of the bayonets, struck some of them…. [O]ne of the soldiers having received a severe blow with a stick, stepped a little to one side and instantly fired…. On this a general attack was made on the men [soldiers] by a great number of heavy clubs and snowballs being thrown at them, by which all our lives were in imminent [immediate] danger, some persons at the same time from behind calling out, “fire you bloods [Redcoats] — why don’t you fire.” Instantly three or four of the soldiers fired one after the other, and directly after, three more fired in the same confusion and hurry.… On my asking the soldiers why they fired without orders, they said they heard the word fire and supposed it came from me. This might be the case as many of the mob called out “fire, fire,” but I assured the men that I gave no such order; that my words were, “don’t fire, stop your firing.”

21. Question 21 • How does this passage present a different viewpoint from the engraving? • Shows British as innocent and colonists as aggressors throwing snowballs and taunting Who would support this, patriots or loyalists? • Loyalists

22. Question 22 What were the strengths and weaknesses of Britain and the colonies at the beginning of the American Revolution?

23. Question 23 We hold these Truths to be self-evident [obvious] that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed [given] by their Creator with certain unalienable [natural] Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness – That to secure these Rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just Powers from the Consent [agreement] of the Governed. . . . -Declaration of Independence, 1776 Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? What Why was this document created? What was the goal of the document? What three basic rights did it ask for? • Thomas Jefferson – break up letter to the King of England • Goal: Tell the world and the king what the colonists are doing • Rights: Life, Liberty, Pursuit of Happiness

24. Question 24 • What was the purpose of the colonial boycotts of British goods? • Colonists stopped buying British goods to try to hurt British merchants and ultimately the British government. It was a protest against the taxes.

25. Question 25 • Why did the United States replace the Articles of Confederation? • the government was too weak to do what it needed to • No president, no court system, no right to tax

26. Question 26 Compare the New York State government to the National government. Federalism: State powers vs. National Powers - marriage & divorce laws - build roads - declare war - establish & maintain - charter banks -set standard weights & Schools - taxes measures - regulate trade within state - criminal justice - coin money - conduct elections - postal services THERE ARE MORE TOO

27. Question 27 What were the conditions of the Great Compromise? • Virginia vs. New Jersey Plan • 2 House Legislature = bicameral • Senate – 2 reps from each state (New Jersey Plan) • House of Representatives – based on population ( Virginia Plan)

28. Question 28 Why did the Constitution include Checks & Balances and Separation of Powers? • to prevent and one branch of the government from gaining too much power

29. Question 29 Executive Veto bills, call meetings Appoints judges, grants pardons Override veto with 2/3 vote Declares orders unconstitutional Declare a law unconstitutional Judicial Legislative Impeach Justices

30. Question 30 Compare the constitutions of New York and the United States including the government they established. • United States Gov’t • House of Representatives • President • Constitutional Convention wrote it • New York • Assembly • Governor • John Jay wrote it • Senate • Bicameral • 3 branches

31. Question 31 What are the first ten amendments to the Constitution called? What is their purpose? • Bill of Rights – guarantees of basic rights

32. Question 32 What are the basic rights guaranteed by the first amendment? • religion, press, speech, assembly

33. Question 33 • We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. — Preamble to the United States Constitution • According to the preamble of the Constitution, who has the most power in the government? • The people

34. Question 34 What two pieces of advice did Washington give in his Farewell Address? • stay out of political parties and foreign affairs

35. Question 35 What effect did the Erie Canal have on New York State? • becomes faster and cheaper to ship goods • cities grow along the route • More people traveled through New York to go out West

36. Question 36 • Describe the Indian Removal Act and its impact on the Cherokee tribe. Be sure to mention the Trail of Tears in your answer. • Andrew Jackson and Congress passed a law relocating Cherokee from fertile land in south to land west of the Mississippi. Many Cherokee died on the Trail of Tears as they walked the long trail west under horrible conditions. Supreme Court ruled the Cherokee could keep their land, but Jackson removed them anyway

37. Question 37 Why was Andrew Jackson sometimes viewed as a “king”? Who tried to portray him in this way? • used veto power too much • Whigs tried to make him look like a king to protect the national bank • In particular- Nicholas Biddle and Daniel Webster • Moved re-charter to an election year in hopes that Jackson wouldn’t veto bank--he did and was still re-elected – cartoon didn’t work

38. Question 38 Signed with Britain Lewis & Clark explored the territory after Jefferson bought from France Result of Mexican War Revolutionary War – Treaty of Paris 1783 Led to War with Mexico – citizens wanted to join US Purchased from Spain--Adams-Onis Treaty

39. Question 39 Fully explain why southerners didn’t like protective tariffs and northerners did? • Southerners didn’t like protective tariffs because they made goods more expensive. Southerners imported most of their goods. • Northerners liked them because it made their manufactured products sell better. They could compete because foreign products cost more, especially against Great Britain who was producing many of the same items.

40. Question 40 What impact did the invention of the cotton gin have on slavery in the South? • caused Southerners to plant more cotton crops – it became more profitable—especially during Ind. Rev. this meant that they needed more slaves to help pick the cotton • Increased slavery

41. Question 41 Summarize the Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act. What caused the original tensions? Missouri Compromise: Maine= free, Missouri:=slave 36, 30 Line: North- free (except Missouri), South- slave states Kansas-Nebraska Act:Congress passed an act saying that the territories of Kansas and Nebraska could determine the issue of slavery by Popular Sovereignty (voting). This directly violated the Missouri Compromise which had said they were free. Kansas erupted in violence as pro and anti-slavery people flooded the territory resulting in Bleeding Kansas (200 died) Compromise of 1850: California wanted to enter the Union as a free state – it would upset the balance. Main conditions: 1) California free to make Northern states happy 2) Strict Fugitive Slave Law to make southern states happy

42. Question 42 Define sectionalism and describe its role in the election results of the election of 1860. • Sectionalism is loyalty to one’s state or section, rather than to the whole country. In 1860 sectionalism had a major impact, because several states seceded the minute they heard Lincoln (a Northerner) was elected

43. Question 43 What did the South believe as a result of Abraham Lincoln’s election as president? • the south believed they no longer had a voice in the government so they seceded. They thought Lincoln, who wanted to stop the spread of slavery, would destroy their way of life

44. Question 44 Describe the significance of the Gettysburg Address. Who said it? When and why? According to Lincoln, in this speech, why was the North fighting the Civil War? • Abraham Lincoln said it at the dedication of the cemetery at the Battle of Gettysburg site months after the battle • According to the speech, Lincoln argues that the North is fighting the Civil War to preserve the Union and to preserve the democratic form of government

45. Question 45 What killed the most people in the Civil War? • disease and infection

46. Question 46 What do the Battles of Saratoga and Gettysburg have in common? (Explain) • they are both turning point battles • This means that the momentum shifted from losing most of the battles to starting to win more than they lost

47. Question 47 What are the strengths and weaknesses of the North and the South at the start of the Civil War?

48. Question 48 What was Abraham Lincoln’s purpose in issuing the Emancipation Proclamation? • Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to gain the support of abolitionists and foreign countries by adding the abolition of slavery as a Union goal • His hope was also to weaken the South and get rid of the aid the slaves were giving to the war. It also enabled African Americans to enlist in the Union Army

49. Question 49 What is written first latitude or longitude? • Latitude(its alphabetical!)

50. Question 50 What measures distances north or south of the equator? • Latitude again! Latitude is always written N or S