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+ q free on inner surface. + + + + + + + + + + + +. - q bound. Symmetry – fields must be uniform – field lines perpendicular to plates . + q bound. - - - - - - - - - - - -. - q free on inner surface. Interior points electric
E N D
+qfreeon inner surface + + + + + + + + + + + + -qbound Symmetry – fields must be uniform – field lines perpendicular to plates +qbound - - - - - - - - - - - - -qfreeon inner surface Interior points electric field must be zero
+ + + + + conductor - - - dielectric Gauss’s Law
dielectric constant frequency
+ + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - V = 0
iron core BFe HFe gap region Bgap Hgap i coil windings Bair Hair
. . . . . . . . 3 4 X X X X X X Current i out of page Circulation loop: square of length L 1 2 Current i into page Cross-section through electromagnet
thickness t width L q = - e area A electrons are the charge carriers in copper
+ - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + -
+ + + + + + + + + dy + + + + + + + + + F - - - - - - - - - -q +q
+ + + + + + + + + V r - - - - - - - - - x L-x C = CA + CB
Induced dipole moment – helium atom +2e +2e -e -e -e -e Zero electric field – helium atom symmetric zero dipole moment A B effectively charge +2e at A and -2e at B dipole moment p = 2ed
Induced dipole moment – sulfur atom +16e +16e -8e -8e -8e -8e Zero electric field – helium atom symmetric zero dipole moment A B effectively charge +16e at A and -16e at B dipole moment p = 16ed
Er E P r2 r + (d/2)cos r1 r – (d/2)cos r (d/2)cos +q -q
dA +f + + + + + + + + + -b +b - - - - - - - - - -f
-q +q
S +f -b O r +b -f
- - - S d r + Pcos + + The area of the shaded ring between and + d is equal to
+Ze +Ze d a a d << a
F F +Q d F - Q
+ p E U 0 - p E π π/2 0
Po T
1 slope = 1/3 0 10 pE/kT
Gaussian surface S conducting sphere q air a r non-conducting liquid Symmetry field lines must be radial
conducting sphere q Eairt air Eliquidt non-conducting liquid Symmetry Eairt = Eliquidt Eair = Eliquid = E
field lines of E field lines of D
- + + - - + + shift in atoms due to ionic nature of bond induced dipoles due to shift in electron cloud rotation orientation of polar molecules
6 5 4 S N HFe Hair Circulation loop: square side L 2 1 3
Cylindrical Gaussian surface Gauss’s Law for magnetism B-field lines – form continuous loops
N pole Bound surface currents (right hand screw rule)
un-magnetized piece of iron Bar magnet bought near un-magnetized piece of iron N N N Bar magnet will attract the iron that was initially un-magnetized north pole attracts south pole
Cu ramp Fe ramp plastic ramp N N N
Circulation loop for circulation integration used in applying Ampere’s Law N N Hair Hiron
if if d