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Boundless Lecture Slides

Boundless Lecture Slides. Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com. Using Boundless Presentations. Boundless Teaching Platform

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Boundless Lecture Slides

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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. Frequency Distributions for Quantitative Data Frequency Distributions Frequency Distributions for Qualitative Data ] Frequency Distributions Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Frequency Distributions > Frequency Distributions for Quantitative Data Frequency Distributions for Quantitative Data • Guidelines for Plotting Frequency Distributions • Outliers • Relative Frequency Distributions • Cumulative Frequency Distributions • Graphs for Quantitative Data • Typical Shapes • Z-Scores and Location in a Distribution Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/statistics/textbooks/boundless-statistics-textbook/frequency-distributions-4/frequency-distributions-for-quantitative-data-20/

  6. Frequency Distributions > Frequency Distributions for Qualitative Data Frequency Distributions for Qualitative Data • Describing Qualitative Data • Interpreting Distributions Constructed by Others • Graphs of Qualitative Data • Misleading Graphs • Do It Yourself: Plotting Qualitative Frequency Distributions • Summation Notation • Graphing Bivariate Relationships Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/statistics/textbooks/boundless-statistics-textbook/frequency-distributions-4/frequency-distributions-for-qualitative-data-21/

  7. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  8. Frequency Distributions Key terms • bias(Uncountable) Inclination towards something; predisposition, partiality, prejudice, preference, predilection. • bivariateHaving or involving exactly two variables. • contingency tablea table presenting the joint distribution of two categorical variables • cumulative relative frequencythe accumulation of the previous relative frequencies • descriptive statisticsA branch of mathematics dealing with summarization and description of collections of data sets, including the concepts of arithmetic mean, median, and mode. • distributionthe set of relative likelihoods that a variable will have a value in a given interval • ellipsisa mark consisting of three periods, historically with spaces in between, before, and after them " . . . ", nowadays a single character " (used in printing to indicate an omission) • empirical ruleThat a normal distribution has 68% of its observations within one standard deviation of the mean, 95% within two, and 99.7% within three. • frequencynumber of times an event occurred in an experiment (absolute frequency) • frequency distributiona representation, either in a graphical or tabular format, which displays the number of observations within a given interval • frequency distributiona representation, either in a graphical or tabular format, which displays the number of observations within a given interval • histograma representation of tabulated frequencies, shown as adjacent rectangles, erected over discrete intervals (bins), with an area equal to the frequency of the observations in the interval Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  9. Frequency Distributions • histograma representation of tabulated frequencies, shown as adjacent rectangles, erected over discrete intervals (bins), with an area equal to the frequency of the observations in the interval • histograma representation of tabulated frequencies, shown as adjacent rectangles, erected over discrete intervals (bins), with an area equal to the frequency of the observations in the interval • histograma representation of tabulated frequencies, shown as adjacent rectangles, erected over discrete intervals (bins), with an area equal to the frequency of the observations in the interval • interquartile rangeThe difference between the first and third quartiles; a robust measure of sample dispersion. • nominalHaving values whose order is insignificant. • ordinalOf a number, indicating position in a sequence. • Pareto charta type of bar graph where where the bars are drawn in decreasing order of frequency or relative frequency • pictograma picture that represents a word or an idea by illustration; used often in graphs • plota graph or diagram drawn by hand or produced by a mechanical or electronic device • qualitative analysisThe numerical examination and interpretation of observations for the purpose of discovering underlying meanings and patterns of relationships. • raw scorean original observation that has not been transformed to a -score • relative frequencythe fraction or proportion of times a value occurs Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  10. Frequency Distributions • relative frequency distributiona representation, either in graphical or tabular format, which displays the fraction of observations in a certain category • scatter plotA type of display using Cartesian coordinates to display values for two variables for a set of data. • skewedBiased or distorted (pertaining to statistics or information). • skewedBiased or distorted (pertaining to statistics or information). • skewnessA measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable; is the third standardized moment, defined as where is the third moment about the mean and is the standard deviation. • standard deviationa measure of how spread out data values are around the mean, defined as the square root of the variance • standard deviationa measure of how spread out data values are around the mean, defined as the square root of the variance • Student's t-statistica ratio of the departure of an estimated parameter from its notional value and its standard error • summation notationa notation, given by the Greek letter sigma, that denotes the operation of adding a sequence of numbers • truncateTo shorten something as if by cutting off part of it. • volatilitythe state of sharp and regular fluctuation • z-scoreThe standardized value of observation from a distribution that has mean and standard deviation . Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  11. Frequency Distributions Pie Chart This pie chart shows the frequency distribution of a bag of Skittles. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Microsoft."Microsoft Excel – spreadsheet software - Office.com."License: Otherhttp://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel/View on Boundless.com

  12. Frequency Distributions Frequency Polygon This graph shows an example of a cumulative frequency polygon. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Foundation."Terms of Use - Wikimedia Foundation."CC BY-SAhttp://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_UseView on Boundless.com

  13. Frequency Distributions Letter frequency in the English language A typical distribution of letters in English language text. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."English letter frequency (alphabetic)."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:English_letter_frequency_(alphabetic).svgView on Boundless.com

  14. Frequency Distributions Bar Chart for Mac Data The bar chart shows how many people in the study were previous Mac owners, previous Windows owners, or neither. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."David Lane, Graphing Qualitative Variables. April 22, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m10927/latest/View on Boundless.com

  15. Frequency Distributions Scatter Plot This is an example of a scatter plot, depicting the waiting time between eruptions and the duration of the eruption for the Old Faithful geyser in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia.Public domainhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Oldfaithful3.pngView on Boundless.com

  16. Frequency Distributions Frequency Table for Mac Data The frequency table shows how many people in the study were previous Mac owners, previous Windows owners, or neither. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."David Lane, Graphing Qualitative Variables. April 22, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m10927/latest/View on Boundless.com

  17. Frequency Distributions Normal Distribution This image shows a normal distribution. About 68% of data fall within one standard deviation, about 95% fall within two standard deviations, and 99.7% fall within three standard deviations. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Austrailian Bureau of Statistics."Error 404."CC BYhttp://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/a3121120.nsf/89a5f3d8684682b6ca256de4002c809b/81a53a0a10c05d3bca257949001281b5!OpenDocumentView on Boundless.com

  18. Frequency Distributions Improper Scaling Note how in the improperly scaled pictogram bar graph, the image for B is actually 9 times larger than A. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Misleading graph."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misleading_graphView on Boundless.com

  19. Frequency Distributions Pareto Chart This graph shows the relative frequency distribution of a bag of Skittles. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Microsoft."Microsoft Excel – spreadsheet software - Office.com."License: Otherhttp://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel/View on Boundless.com

  20. Frequency Distributions Bar Graph This graph shows the frequency distribution of a bag of Skittles. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Microsoft."Microsoft Excel – spreadsheet software - Office.com."License: Otherhttp://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel/View on Boundless.com

  21. Frequency Distributions Frequency Histograms This image shows the difference between an ordinary histogram and a cumulative frequency histogram. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Foundation."Terms of Use - Wikimedia Foundation."CC BY-SAhttp://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_UseView on Boundless.com

  22. Frequency Distributions Negatively Skewed Distribution This distribution is said to be negatively skewed (or skewed to the left) because the tail on the left side of the histogram is longer than the right side. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Austrailian Bureau of Statistics."Error 404."CC BYhttp://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/a3121120.nsf/89a5f3d8684682b6ca256de4002c809b/81a53a0a10c05d3bca257949001281b5!OpenDocumentView on Boundless.com

  23. Frequency Distributions Positively Skewed Distribution This distribution is said to be positively skewed (or skewed to the right) because the tail on the right side of the histogram is longer than the left side. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Austrailian Bureau of Statistics."Error 404."CC BYhttp://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/a3121120.nsf/89a5f3d8684682b6ca256de4002c809b/81a53a0a10c05d3bca257949001281b5!OpenDocumentView on Boundless.com

  24. Frequency Distributions Pie Chart for Mac Data The pie chart shows how many people in the study were previous Mac owners, previous Windows owners, or neither. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."David Lane, Graphing Qualitative Variables. April 22, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m10927/latest/View on Boundless.com

  25. Frequency Distributions Bivariate Sample 1 Sample of spousal ages of 10 white American couples. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."David Lane, Introduction to Bivariate Data. May 6, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m10949/latest/View on Boundless.com

  26. Frequency Distributions Bivariate Histogram Histogram of spousal ages. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."David Lane, Introduction to Bivariate Data. May 6, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m10949/latest/View on Boundless.com

  27. Frequency Distributions Contingency Table Contingency tables are useful for graphically representing qualitative bivariate relationships. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Contingency table."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingency_tableView on Boundless.com

  28. Frequency Distributions Misleading 3D Pie Chart In the misleading pie chart, Item C appears to be at least as large as Item A, whereas in actuality, it is less than half as large. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Misleading Graph."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misleading_graphView on Boundless.com

  29. Frequency Distributions Outliers This box plot shows where the US states fall in terms of their size. Rhode Island, Texas, and Alaska are outside the normal data range, and therefore are considered outliers in this case. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Outlier."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OutlierView on Boundless.com

  30. Frequency Distributions Relative Frequency Histogram This graph shows a relative frequency histogram. Notice the vertical axis is labeled with percentages rather than simple frequencies. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Histogram of Consumer Reports."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Histogram_of_Consumer_ReportsView on Boundless.com

  31. Frequency Distributions Improper Scaling In the improperly scaled pictogram bar graph, the image for B is actually 9 times larger than A. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Misleading graph."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misleading_graphView on Boundless.com

  32. Frequency Distributions Truncated Bar Graph Both of these graphs display identical data; however, in the truncated bar graph on the left, the data appear to show significant differences, whereas in the regular bar graph on the right, these differences are hardly visible. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Misleading graph."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misleading_graphView on Boundless.com

  33. Frequency Distributions Normal Distribution and Scales Shown here is a chart comparing the various grading methods in a normal distribution. -scores for this standard normal distribution can be seen in between percentiles and -scores. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Normal distribution and scales."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Normal_distribution_and_scales.gifView on Boundless.com

  34. Frequency Distributions 3-D Pie Chart In the misleading pie chart, Item C appears to be at least as large as Item A, whereas in actuality, it is less than half as large. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Misleading graph."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misleading_graphView on Boundless.com

  35. Frequency Distributions Truncated Bar Graph Note that both of these graphs display identical data; however, in the truncated bar graph on the left, the data appear to show significant differences, whereas in the regular bar graph on the right, these differences are hardly visible. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Misleading graph."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misleading_graphView on Boundless.com

  36. Frequency Distributions Bivariate Scatterplot Scatterplot showing wife age as a function of husband age. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."David Lane, Introduction to Bivariate Data. May 6, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m10949/latest/View on Boundless.com

  37. Frequency Distributions Attribution • Wiktionary."interquartile range."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/interquartile_range • Wikipedia."Outliers in statistics."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outliers_in_statistics • Wiktionary."standard deviation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/standard_deviation • Wiktionary."skewed."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/skewed • Wiktionary."descriptive statistics."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/descriptive_statistics • OpenStax CNX."David Lane, Graphing Qualitative Variables. September 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m10927/latest/ • Austrailian Bureau of Statistics."Error 404."CC BYhttp://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/a3121120.nsf/89a5f3d8684682b6ca256de4002c809b/e200e8e572a2ae52ca25794900127f4f!OpenDocument • Wikipedia."Misleading graph."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misleading_graph • Wiktionary."volatility."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/volatility • Wiktionary."pictogram."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pictogram • Wikipedia."summation notation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/summation%20notation • Wikipedia."Summation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summation%23Capital-sigma_notation • Wiktionary."ellipsis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ellipsis • Wikipedia."histogram."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/histogram • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//statistics/definition/relative-frequency • OpenStax CNX."Susan Dean and Barbara Illowsky, Sampling and Data: Frequency, Relative Frequency, and Cumulative Frequency. September 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m16012/latest/ • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//statistics/definition/cumulative-relative-frequency Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  38. Frequency Distributions • Wikipedia."histogram."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/histogram • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//statistics/definition/frequency-distribution • OpenStax CNX."David Lane, Frequency Polygons. September 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m11214/latest/ • OpenStax CNX."David Lane, Frequency Polygons. September 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m11214/latest/ • Wikipedia."Relative frequency."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_frequency • Wikipedia."Histogram."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histogram • Wikipedia."Scatter plot."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scatter_plot • Wikipedia."Data plot."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_plot • Wikipedia."histogram."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/histogram • Wiktionary."plot."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plot • Wiktionary."scatter plot."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scatter_plot • Austrailian Bureau of Statistics."Statistical Language - Measures of Shape."CC BYhttp://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/a3121120.nsf/home/statistical+language+-+measures+of+shape • Wikipedia."Shape of the distribution."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_distribution • Wiktionary."empirical rule."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/empirical_rule • Wiktionary."skewness."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/skewness • Wiktionary."standard deviation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/standard_deviation • Wikipedia."Histogram."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histogram • Wikipedia."Statistical frequency."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_frequency • Wikipedia."Frequency analysis."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_analysis Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  39. Frequency Distributions • Wikipedia."histogram."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/histogram • Wiktionary."frequency."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/frequency • Wikidot."Chapter 2.Summarizing Data: listing and grouping - Statistics."CC BYhttp://statistics.wikidot.com/ch2 • Wikipedia."qualitative analysis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/qualitative%20analysis • Wikipedia."Qualitative research."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_research • Wiktionary."ordinal."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ordinal • Wiktionary."nominal."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nominal • Wikibooks."Statistics/Different Types of Data/Quantitative and Qualitative Data."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Statistics/Different_Types_of_Data/Quantitative_and_Qualitative_Data%23Qualitative_data • Wikibooks."Social Research Methods/Qualitative Research."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Social_Research_Methods/Qualitative_Research • Wikipedia."Misleading graph."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misleading_graph • Wiktionary."distribution."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/distribution • Wiktionary."truncate."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/truncate • Wiktionary."bias."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bias • Wikipedia."Frequency distribution."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_distribution • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//statistics/definition/relative-frequency-distribution • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//statistics/definition/frequency-distribution • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//statistics/definition/pareto-chart • Sophia Learning Online."Bivariate Data Tutorial | Sophia Learning."CC BYhttp://www.sophia.org/bivariate-data-tutorial • Wiktionary."bivariate."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bivariate Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  40. Frequency Distributions • Wiktionary."contingency table."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/contingency_table • Wiktionary."skewed."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/skewed • OpenStax CNX."David Lane, Introduction to Bivariate Data. September 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m10949/latest/ • Wikipedia."Student's t-statistic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student's%20t-statistic • Wikipedia."Standard score."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_score • Wikipedia."Raw score."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_score • Wikipedia."raw score."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/raw%20score • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//statistics/definition/z-score Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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