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WWI : The Great War

WWI : The Great War. 1914-1918. In the decades before the war:. What role did Otto von Bismarck play until he was dismissed by Kaiser Wilhelm II ? What did the new Kaiser/Emperor do? #5: How did political leaders encourage the drift toward war? Military leaders Popular opinion?.

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WWI : The Great War

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  1. WWI: The Great War 1914-1918

  2. In the decades before the war: • What role did Otto von Bismarck play until he was dismissed by Kaiser Wilhelm II ? • What did the new Kaiser/Emperor do? • #5: How did political leaders encourage the drift toward war? • Military leaders • Popular opinion?

  3. Balance of Power- Alliances • Issues for each country • Ottoman – “Sick man of Europe” • French – Desperate to restore its pride • Austria-Hungary - A dozen nationalities • Balkans - A simmering pot of ethnicities • Germany - A new powerhouse in the center of Europe • Britain- An island unto itself • Russia – The “big slow bear” of Europe • Belgium – Weak but guaranteed neutrality (since 1839)

  4. Alliances and the First World War: Triple Alliance, 1882 Then Bismarck allied with Italy and Austria-Hungary the TRIPLE ALLIANCE, 1882…this kept Germany safe.

  5. Alliances and the First World War: Germany encircled When Kaiser Wilhelm II became Emperor, he dumped the Russian alliance. He kept the Triple Alliance, but…

  6. Alliances and the First World War: Franco-Russian Alliance, 1892 Instead, in 1892, Russia made an alliance with FRANCE. Although it was only a DEFENSIVE alliance, it was Germany’s worst nightmare!

  7. Alliances and the First World War: Webs of Alliances There were many more alliances.

  8. Alliances and the First World War: Anglo-Japanese Naval Agreement, 1902 A very important one was the 1902 Anglo-Japanese naval alliance, which freed up Great Britain from protecting its Empire in the far east…

  9. Alliances and the First World War: Triple Entente, 1907 In 1907 Russia joined Britain and France to make the Triple Entente. Europe had divided into two massive superpower blocs. People thought this BALANCE OF POWER would keep the peace.

  10. Alliances and the First World War: The Balkans But Russia was also allied to Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria. When trouble erupted in the Balkans in 1914, the nations found their alliances dragged them into war…LATER, ITALY WILL NOT HONOR its alliance and will join other side…

  11. Germany versus Great Britain Why did Germany regard England as its mortal enemy ? • Between Napoleon’s 1815 downfall and 1904, Great Britain sought no alliances. It kept a tiny standing army and no conscription. A German Navy Toast of the Era We will never forgo our hate. Hate by water and hate by land. Hate of the head and hate of the hand. Hate of the hammer and hate of the Crown. Hate of the seventy millions choking down. We love as one, we hate as one We have one foe and one alone: England!

  12. Image analysis: Can you name the members of the Triple Entente? • Concerns of each? • Britain: • Naval buildup • Russian • A-H in Slavic lands • Slavic Nationalism • Germany • The Dardanelles problem • France • Franco-Prussian memory • Alsace-Lorraine stolen

  13. The Balkan Powder KegCompare the two maps below… • Nationalism • Greece • Albania • Bulgaria • Romania • Serbia • Wanted to annex Bosnia and Herzogovenia 1835 By 1914…

  14. The Catalyst of the War: June 28th 1914…a shot heard round the world • Sarajevo- city now in Bosnia-Herzegovina • Area was controlled by Austria-Hungary • Large Serbian Population • Archduke Ferdinand was shot and killed by a Serbian nationalist-Assassin, GavriloPrincip, a member of the Black Hand… They wanted ??? • B-H united with SERBIA Archduke (prince) Franz Ferdinand of Austro-Hungarian empire

  15. What was the blank check?and the ultimatum…? • “The Slavs are made to be subservient…Serbia must learn to fear us again.” • 48 Hours to repond… • How did Serbia respond? • How was A-H planning to respond?

  16. Who declared war on who first? Austrian Artillery in Russia • How did France get into the war? • Britain?

  17. What difficulties did Russia have as it mobilized for war?

  18. Germany’s Schlieffen Plan20 years old • “Paris for lunch, St. Petersburg for dinner” • Belgium’s neutrality ?? • Britain enters the War! • Italy bows out ! • Germans Near Paris (Sept 1914) • Battle of the Marne

  19. Troops move to the Front in Taxis!Europe is mobilized!!!

  20. The First German Offensive in France: The Marne • Just miles from Paris, the Offensive is stopped. • Battle of the Marne (river) the Germans are pushed back

  21. Let’s Review: Causes of WWI • Long Term: • Militarism and military buildup • Alliances formation • Nationalist tensions in the Balkans • Imperlialistic rivalry of Great powers • Short Term: • Anarchist organization against A-H : Black Hand • Assassination of Franz Ferdinand • Germany’s blank check • A-H’s strict ultimatum

  22. It is said that in WWI each alliance was pulled into war by its weakest member… • Who were the weakest members of each side? What were their weaknesses?

  23. Why is WWI called a total war? • What was the role of government in WWI?

  24. German U-Boats: What Other New Weapons?

  25. New Powerful Ships • Steel ships powered by diesel engines • Turrets capable of sending shells miles • Radio

  26. How did the war change the role of women in society? Women will get the right to vote in US and Britain after the war.

  27. Trench warfare ensues, Stalemate is common

  28. “The Furnace”: Verdun, 191610 months battle… A War of Attrition and French Elan German Gen Falkenhayn: “Bleed them white!” 40 million shells are fired / 600,000 men die Gen Petain: They shall not pass!

  29. Verdun: Bleed Them White! • The town of Verdun-sur-Meuse was chosen by Gen. Falkenhayn to "bleed white" the French! • Important protected route to Paris • Very Historic Site (Attila the Hun fought the Franks here; Treaty of Verdun 843 between Charlemagne’s grandsons; Battle site in Franco-Prussian War) • 600,000 dead; 400,000 injured = over 1 million • longest battle of war • French prevail in the end…new hope • Battle of the Somme at same time: a British attack to relieve the attack on French at Verdun • another 1 million casualties

  30. The Eastern Front • Russian forces invade Germany and AH • Battle of Tannenberg, 9/1914 • Symbol of Czar’s inability • Lack of railroads & industry

  31. 1917 - Russia in Turmoil 1.7 MILLION RUSSIANS WERE KILLED IN WWI 4 million casualties…. Later, Czar Nicholas and his whole family are ordered executed by Marxist leader Vladimir Lenin

  32. In Russia…2 Groups of Angry SocialistsNote how names are opposite of their position • Social Revolutionaries • wanted democratic socialism • power from peasants • Social Democrats • Want complete revolution: Marxist • Power from urban workers • Lenin at the London meeting 1905 • Divided over waiting: Mensheviks or • Revolution NOW: Bolsheviks • “Majority”

  33. 1917 Revolution: led by Kerensky’s SRs • Stage 1: February Revolt • Begins with bread riots in streets • Uncaring Czar returns to war front 1917: February Soldiers in Petrograd support rioters • Duma Restarted • Czar is blocked from returning, then abdicates • Thousands of soldiers refuse to fight

  34. February Revolution The Provisional Government • The Duma, or Parliament • President Alexander Kerensky, a Social Revolutionary, moderate • Wants constitutional socialist democracy • The Duma’s WWI decision: • Keep fighting! • The Soviets = “councils” • Factories and military barracks • Bolsheviks dominate Petrograd Soviet

  35. Stage 2: The (more famous) October Revolution Lenin leads his Social Democrats to physically overthrow Kerensky and the Duma Propaganda Film by Bosheviks

  36. Lenin and Bolsheviks Get Russia out of “Imperialists War” • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • Russians make peace with Germany • Lose 25% of lands to Germany

  37. The Russian Civil War • Kerensky flees • White movement opposes Marxist extremes • Fights the Communists (Reds) • US and European countries sent troops • Lenin and Gen. Leon Trotsky are better organized than the Whites, so Reds triumph Reds versus Whites : who drew this cartoon?

  38. Lenin Restored Order • Kronstadt Revolt: He puts it down brutally • New Economic Policy: temporary capitalism • New Name: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) • New? Capital: Moscow • New Party Name: Communist Party • Sets up Gulags for anti-revolutionaries

  39. Stalin after Lenin1925-53 • Command Communist Economy • 5 Year Plans • Collective Ownership • Gulags

  40. Ottoman Front: Dardanelles • Gallipoli Peninsula, to help Russia • ANZAC disaster (Australia-New Zealand Army Corp) • Younger Winston Churchill’s mistake?

  41. The USA tried to stay out of the fighting but couldn’t • Germans sink the Lusitania – kill 139 US • President Wilson objects: • unrestricted attacks by U-boats • Germans apologize • At first Germans promise the “Sussex Pledge” • No attacks on passenger ships • Warning before attacking merchant vessels • Sailors given time to get to lifeboats • But early 1917, Germans abandon pledge

  42. Passenger Liner Lusitania • May 1915 • Over 1000 Died! - 139 Americans are killed as well • Though denied at the time by the Brits, this ship was carrying War Material which violated the rules of war - only recently was this verified.

  43. Convoys of Military and Civilian Ships were created to stop UBoat attacks- US was helping Britain and France

  44. Why does US Enter the War? • Sussex Pledge abandoned/ uboats ! • AND Final Straw for US Involves… Arizona, New Mexico and Texas?! • 1917 British agents intercept a telegram from Germany to the Mexican Embassy • The Zimmerman Telegram

  45. What were the goals of Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points? • Prevent future war? • No secret treaties • Freedom of the seas • Free trade between nations • Right of self determination of people • Limit colonization • Reduce weapons • League of Nations

  46. Meanwhile, the Influenza of 1917 Was a Pandemic • Millions die in the Influenza epidemic of 1917- More die in the epidemic than the WAR! • Troops at the Front are exhausted- and sick! AN ESTIMATED 20 MILLION DIE IN THE INFLUENZA EPIDEMIC!!!- THAT’S WHY WE ARE SO WORRIED TODAY ABOUT FLU EPIDEMICS!

  47. The End of the War is Near • Germany no longer has an Eastern Front • American forces were entering the war at 250,000 troops a month! • Wilson: The Yanks are Coming... • 2nd Battle of the Marne • Final Push toward Paris as Germany is depleted • Battle of Amiens – Allies push forward • Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria want peace • Austria-Hungary has a revolution • 11/9/18- Kaiser Wilhelm abdicates and a German republic is formed • November 11 (Veteran’s Day) – Armistice signed - End of the War!

  48. What were the costs of the War? • First World War (1914-18): • About 15 million military and civilian deaths • About 9 million military battle related deaths. • Germany: 1,773,700 • Russia: 1,700,000 • France & Empire: 1,327,000 • Austria-Hungary: 1,100,000 • Britain & Empire: 908,371 • Italy: 460,000 • Turkey: 236,000 • Romania: 219,800 • USA: 50,585 • Serbia: 45,000 • Belgium: 13,716 Battle lines in the West were only 30 miles different from the start of the war!!! Shell shock

  49. The Treaty of Versailles The Big Three Wilson and? What attitudes did European leaders take at the Peace Conference: Clemenceau, George, Orlando? The Big Three + Orlando of Italy

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