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Viral Hepatitis in Infants and Children

Viral Hepatitis in Infants and Children. Ricardo A. Caicedo, M.D. Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center. Learning Objectives. Recognize the clinical manifestations of viral hepatitis in the pediatric population

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Viral Hepatitis in Infants and Children

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  1. Viral HepatitisinInfants and Children Ricardo A. Caicedo, M.D. Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center

  2. Learning Objectives • Recognize the clinical manifestations of viral hepatitis in the pediatric population • Understand the natural history of hepatotropic viral infections in children • Become familiar with the diagnosis and management of pediatric viral hepatitis

  3. Topics • Hepatotropic Viruses • Acute vs. Fulminant vs. Chronic • Hepatitis A virus • Hepatitis B virus • Diagnosis • Natural history • Immunoprophylaxis/management • Hepatitis C virus • Diagnosis • Natural history • Management • Other viral agents www.microscopyu.com

  4. PRIMARY Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Hepatitis D Virus (HDV) Requires HBV co-infection Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Hepatitis F Virus (controversial) Hepatitis G Virus (pathogen?) SYSTEMIC Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) HIV Adenovirus Parvovirus B19 Rubella Coxsackievirus B Enteroviruses Human Herpes Viruses Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) HHV-6 Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) Hepatotropic Viruses

  5. Acute Viral Hepatitis • Acute hepatocellular injury/inflammation • Reflected by elevated transaminases (AST or SGOT, ALT or SGPT) • Clinical manifestations often include fever, malaise, jaundice, RUQ pain, nausea/vomiting • Typically self-limited and of short duration • Contrast with: chronic, fulminant • Causative agents • HAV (50% of cases in U.S.), HEV • CMV, EBV, VZV

  6. Fulminant Hepatitis • Acute, massive hepatocellular necrosis • Impaired synthetic, excretory, and detoxifying functions of the liver • Cholestasis, ascites, coagulopathy, encephalopathy, multi-system failure • Initially very elevated transaminases • Falling transaminases and rising bilirubin ominous • Hyperammonemia, hypoalbuminemia, prolonged PT, hypoglycemia • Viral agents (50% of cases) • Most cases of fulminant hepatic failure are caused by unidentified agent, presumably viral • HAV, HBV+/-HDV, HCV, HEV • HSV, enteroviruses, EBV, CMV, HHV-6, VZV

  7. Chronic Hepatitis • Prolonged necroinflammatory process • Elevated transaminases for > 4-6 months • Insidious clinical manifestations • Can include cholestasis (jaundice, pruritus), ascites, hypoalbuminemia, coagulopathy, encephalopathy • Can progress to fibrosis and then cirrhosis • Viral agents: HBV (+/- HDV), HCV • Other causes include autoimmune, metabolic disorders (Wilson’s, CF, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency), drug/toxin-mediated, idiopathic

  8. Chronic Viral Hepatitis Risk Factors Hochman J, Balistreri WF. Pediatr Rev. 2003; 24:399-410.

  9. Hepatitis A Virus • Causes 33% of acute viral hepatitis in U.S. • NOT a cause of chronic hepatitis • rarely causes fulminant hepatitis (< 1% cases) • Can trigger autoimmune hepatitis in predisposed individuals • Epidemiologic factors • Fecal-oral transmission • Poor hygiene • High population density • Daycare centers and minor epidemics

  10. HAV • Acute, self-limited illness • Fever, malaise, anorexia, vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea • Elevated AST/ALT • Jaundice (conjugated hyperbilirubinemia) usually 1 wk after onset of symptoms • Duration • Age < 6 y: typically, <2 wks • Older children and adults can have prolonged course and often have hepatomegaly • Dx: serology • Anti-HAV IgM • Supportive care

  11. HAV Course Quiros-Tejeira RE. Up to Date v. 14.3, 2006.

  12. HAV Vaccine • Prevents morbidity and mortality associated with HAV infection • Incidence of HAV in U.S. has decreased by 75% since vaccine introduced in 1997 • Because humans are the only known reservoir for HAV, universal immunization strategies could hypothetically eradicate HAV • AAP Recommendation, 2006 • All children age 12-23 months should be immunized • Extended safety data supports incorporation of HAV vaccine into routine childhood immunization schedule

  13. Recommended Standard Childhood Immunization Schedule, 2006 www.cdc.gov/nip/recs/child-schedule.htm

  14. Hepatitis B Virus • Hepadnavirus • Double-stranded DNA • “A retrovirus in disguise” • Multiple genotypes and serotypes • Replication factory • Significant mutation rate • Can “escape” serological detection and/or vaccine • Triggers host immune attack on liver cells • T-cell-mediated hepatocellular lysis • Chronic infection results from ineffective immune response

  15. HBV Epidemiology • Worldwide • Persons infected: 2 billion • Persons with chronic HBV: 350 million • Annual deaths: 1 million • U.S. • Chronic HBV: 1.25 million • Annual deaths: 5000

  16. HBV Transmission • Sexual • High risk: non-monogamous heterosexual and all homosexual encounters • Vertical (maternal-fetal) • Intravenous drug use • Hemodialysis • Blood products • Risk of acquiring HBV from blood transfusion: < 1:60000

  17. HBV Manifestations • Incubation period: 45-160 d • Prodromal “flu-like” illness • Malaise, fatigue, anorexia, nausea, fever • Jaundice • Cholestasis • Elevated AST/ALT • Less common • Fulminant hepatitis: coagulopathy, encephalopathy • 1-5% of HBV cases • Glomerulonephritis, arthritis • Papular acrodermatitis (Giannotti-Crosti)

  18. Papular acrodermatitis

  19. Screening for HBV • TESTS: HBsAg and anti-HBs • Adolescents who engage in high-risk behaviors • IV or intranasal drug abuse • unprotected sex with an infected partner or > 1 partner • Hx of STD • All internationally adopted children • Immigrants from high-prevalence areas • Africa, SE Asia, the Middle East except Israel, the interior Amazon River basin, Haiti/D.R. • Children living in communities where HBV is endemic • Household contacts of individuals with HBV infection • Infants born to women with HBV infection • If infant got hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine at birth, followed by two additional immunizations, test at 9-15 m • Unimmunized should be tested as soon as identified

  20. HBV Diagnosis Hochman J, Balistreri WF. Pediatr Rev. 2003; 24: 399-410.

  21. HBV Diagnosis SEROLOGIC RESPONSES Lok ASF. Up to Date v. 14.3, 2006.

  22. HBsAg: + Anti-HBc: + IgM anti-HBc: + Anti-HBs: - HBsAg: + Anti-HBc: + IgM anti-HBc: - Anti-HBs: - HBV Serology INTERPRETATION:Acute HBV infection INTERPRETATION:Chronic HBV infection

  23. HBsAg: - Anti-HBc: + Anti-HBs: + HBsAg: - Anti-HBc: - Anti-HBs: + HBV Serology INTERPRETATION: Immunity due to natural infection INTERPRETATION: Immunity due to HBV vaccination

  24. HBV Course Hochman J, Balistreri WF. Pediatr Rev. 2003; 24: 399-410.

  25. HBV Sequelae Risk of Chronic HBV 95% 30% 5% Occurs in 20-50% by age 72 in absence of prevention or tx Hochman J, Balistreri WF. Pediatr Rev. 2003; 24: 399-410.

  26. Evaluation of HBsAg+ Patients • AST/ALT, T/D bilirubin • PT/INR, albumin • HBV DNA • Anti-HBc, Anti-HBe, HBeAg • Serology for HAV, HCV, HDV • Test for HIV and other STDs • Test household and sexual contacts • If chronic • Ultrasound • Liver biopsy • Alpha feto-protein (AFP) Lin KW, Kirchner JT. Am Fam Physician 2004; 69:75-82.

  27. ManagementPediatric Chronic HBV • Prove chronic infection • > 2 HBsAg+ samples 6 months apart • OR anti-HBc+, IgM anti-HBc – • Follow ALT q 6 months • If > 1.5-2X normal, liver biopsy and consider treatment • Yearly • HBeAg and anti-HBe (look for seroconversion) • Ultrasound and AFP • Immunize • HAV vaccine • All household contacts Jonas MM, NASPGHAN Postgraduate Course, 2005.

  28. HBV Treatment Refer to Pediatric Gastroenterology Lin KW, Kirchner JT. Am Fam Physician 2004; 69:75-82. • GOALS of TREATMENT • Suppress HBV replication • Seroconversion from eAg to e Ab • Prevent long-term sequelae • Interferon-alfa • Lamivudine • Adefovir

  29. PASSIVE: HBIG In conjunction with vaccine Perinatal exposure Occupational exposure (needle stick) Household contact exposed to blood ACTIVE: HBV Vaccine AAP recommends immunizing all newborns Started in 1991 By end of 1990s, rate of acute HBV in children reduced by 75% Taiwan: vaccination program reduced incidence of HBsAg+, HCC, and fulminant hepatitis No objective evidence linking vaccine to multiple sclerosis or autism HBV Immunoprophylaxis

  30. HBV Prophylaxis • NEONATAL • Routine screening of all pregnant women for HBsAg is now mandatory • HBsAg-negative mother: Infant vaccinated at birth; at 1-2 m; at 6-18 m • Infants born to mothers with unknown or known positive HBsAg status: HB immune globulin (HBIG) plus the 1st dose HB vaccine within 12 h of birth, 2nd at 1-2 m; 3rd at 6 m • OTHER • Post-exposure (occupational): for nonvaccinated individuals or absence of documented response • High risk groups • Healthcare workers • Chronic liver disease • Dialysis or chronic parenteral therapy recipients • High risk behaviors (IV drug use, unprotected sex)

  31. Hepatitis C Virus • Discovered 1989 • Post-transfusion “non-A, non-B hepatitis” • RNA flavivirus • Difficult to clear • Genetic heterogeneity • 9 known genotypes • Rapid mutation rate • Exists as mixture of closely related mutants (quasi-species) within an individual host

  32. HCV Epidemiology • Prevalence • Adults: 2% • Children: 0.2%, Adolescents: 0.4% • Transmission • Maternal-fetal • Mother HCV+: 5% risk • Mother co-infected with HIV: 15% risk • All infants born to HCV-infected mothers should be tested for anti-HCV Ab after 12 m of age • Blood transfusion • Screening blood products has reduced risk to <1:100,000 • Other risk factors • High risk sexual behavior • IV drug abuse • Tattooing, body piercing

  33. HCV Sequelae Mild systemic illness; usually without jaundice C = Chronic; chronic infection develops in most patients with HCV

  34. HCV Diagnosis Hochman J, Balistreri WF. Pediatr Rev. 2003; 24: 399-410.

  35. HCV Management • No immunoprophylaxis available • Screen for and vaccinate vs. HAV & HBV • Avoid hepatotoxins • Acetaminophen, alcohol • Follow-up at regular intervals • Follow LFT • AFP, ultrasound (screen for HCC) • Treatment in selected patients • Prevent progression to cirrhosis • If HCV identified during acute stage - eradication • Pegylated-interferon (choice in adults) • PEG-IFN + ribavirin (multicenter pediatric trial) • Liver transplantation: indicated for cirrhosis or HCC

  36. Viral HepatitisConsultation with Pediatric GI Hochman J, Balistreri WF. Pediatr Rev. 2003; 24: 399-410.

  37. Breastfeeding • HBsAg+ mothers • can breastfeed as long as neonate has received HBIG and vaccine within 12 h of birth • HCV+ mother is not contraindication to breastfeeding • Data re: transmission in human milk is limited

  38. CMV • Usually acute self-limited hepatitis • Mononucleosis syndrome with fever • Typically anicteric • Transaminases peak at 200s at 2-3 wks • Dx: IgM, antigenemia, PCR • Rarely causes fulminant hepatitis • Can treat with ganciclovir or foscarnet • More severe cases • Immunocompromised • Chronic liver disease

  39. EBV • Classic infectious mononucleosis syndrome • Fever, sore throat, fatigue • Cerv. lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly • Liver insult secondary to infected T cells • Mild anicteric hepatitis in most cases • Dx = EBV serology, PCR • Fulminant course (1:3000 cases) • Severe hepatitis, bone marrow failure

  40. North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition www.naspghan.org www.cdhnf.org www.hepb.org www.aasld.org

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