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Historical Development of Geography and Map Projections

Explore the evolution of geography and cartography from ancient civilizations to modern techniques. Understand different map projections and their advantages and disadvantages.

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Historical Development of Geography and Map Projections

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  1. MOTIVATION! WE ALL NEED IT 

  2. FAST FIVErecord answers in your notes • When is your first vocabulary quiz? • When & where am I available for conference? • List 3 tools to help you navigate APHG • What is another name for “latitude”? • What do GIS and GPS stand for?

  3. THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF GEOGRAPHY & REALLY COOL MAPS OBJ: TO LEARN HOW GEOGRAPHERS DESCRIBE WHERE THINGS ARE

  4. WHERE IN THE WORLD? • 32°N LAT • 15’N LAT • 43”N LAT • W 110°LONG • W 87’ LONG • W 11”LONG

  5. TYPES OF SCALESMALL SCALE SHOWS A LARGER AREA ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE W/LESS DETAILLARGE SCALE SMALLER AREA BUT W/MORE DETAILRATIO OR FRACTION 1/1,000WRITTEN: 1 INCH = 1 MILEGRAPHIC: BAR LINE

  6. IN THE BEGINNING… • BABYLONIANS: 1ST MAPS • MEDITERRANEAN SAILORS: MAPS OF ROCKS, SEA, CURRENTS EARLY 800’S BCE • GREEKS: ANAXIMANDER WORLD MAP, ARISTOTLE 384-322BCE 1ST TO DEMO EARTH WAS A SPHERE,ERATOSTHENES 1ST TO USE WORD GEOGRAPHY, CALC EARTH’S CIRCUMFERENCE, 1 OF EARLIEST WORLD MAPS, DIVIDED EARTH INTO 5 CLIMATE REGIONS • INQUIRY IN CHINA AS EARLY AS 4TH CENT • MUSLIMS: 800’s CE • REVIVAL OF CARTOGRAPHY AGE OF EXPLORATION & DISCOVERY 165H - 17TH CENT. COLUMBUS, MAGELLAN • MORE ACCURATE MAPS & TEXTS • MERCATOR 1512-1594

  7. MAPS! WHAT ARE THEY GOOD FOR? • CARTOGRAPHY – SCIENCE OF MAPMAKING. TODAY THIS IS DONE WITH THE AID OF COMPUTERS & SATELLITE IMAGERY • PURPOSE? DIRECTIONS, STORE REFERENCE MATERIAL, COMMUNICATE GEO. INFO., LOCATION, DIST.OF PHYSICAL FEATURES & HUMAN ACTIVITIES • MAPS LIE, KIND OF

  8. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF MAP PROJECTIONS • DISTORTION: SHAPE, RELATIVE SIZE OR AREAS, DISTANCE, DIRECTION • EQUAL AREA/GOODE: TEXT USES THESE MAPS - RELATIVE SIZES OF LANDMASSES SAME AS IN REALITY; SHAPE OF LANDMASS DISTORTION MINIMIZED BUT EASTERN & WESTERN HEMISPHERES SEPARATED – THIS IS CALLED INTERRUPTION & MERIDIANS DON’T CONVERGE NORTH & SOUTH, LAT & LONG DON’T FORM RIGHT ANGLES • ROBINSON: DISPLAYS INFO ACROSS OCEANS WELL BUT LAND AREAS SMALLER THAN AN EQUAL AREA/HOMOLOSINE MAP AS A RESULT • MERCATOR: MINIMAL SHAPE DISTORTION, DIRECTION CONSISTENT, MAP RECTANGULAR BUT RELATIVE SIZE GROSSLY DISTORTED TOWARD THE POLES • GALL-PETERS: CONTINENTS APPEAR ELONGATED BUT ON THE + SIDE, CONTINENT SIZE MORE ACCURATE

  9. LOCATING POINTS ON EARTH • GEOGRAPHIC GRID • MERIDIAN, LONGITUDE • M. IS AN ARC DRAWN B/W N&S POLES • L. IS NUMBERING SYSTEM THAT IDENTIFIES LOCATION OF EACH MERIDIAN ON EARTH’S SURFACE • PARALLEL IS A CIRCLE DRAWN AROUND THE GLOBE PARALLEL TO EQUATOR • LATITUDE IS NUMBERING SYSTEM USED TO INDICATE LOCATION OF A PARALLEL ON EARTH’S SURFACE

  10. GEOGRAPHIC GRID & TELLING TIME • EARTH DIVIDED INTO 360° OF LONGITUDE • ONE TIME ZONE = 15° L. AND DIVIDE 360°/15° WE GET 24 TIME ZONES; 1 FOR EACH HOUR OF THE DAY • GREENWICH MEAN TIME (UT) IS MASTER REFERENCE TIME FOR ALL POINTS ON EARTH AT 0 LONGITUDE AKA PRIME MERIDIAN • INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE 180° LONGITUDE FOR THE MOST PART. • CLOCK MOVES BACK 24 HOURS OR 1 DAY IF HEADING EAST TOWARD AMERICA • MOVE 1 DAY FORWARD IF HEADING WESTTOWARD ASIA (FROM DATE LINE)

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