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Lipids

Lipids. Olestra. Adipocytes. University of Illinois. Fatty Acid Structure. Saturated Fatty Acids 10%. Carry maximal hydrogen Long chain fatty acid: solid at room temp. Short chain saturated fats: liquid at room temp. (e.g., coconut oil). Monounsaturated Fats 10%. Has 1 C=C

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Lipids

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  1. Lipids

  2. Olestra

  3. Adipocytes • University of Illinois

  4. Fatty Acid Structure

  5. Saturated Fatty Acids 10% • Carry maximal hydrogen • Long chain fatty acid: solid at room temp. • Short chain saturated fats: liquid at room temp. (e.g., coconut oil)

  6. Monounsaturated Fats 10% • Has 1 C=C • Short chain fatty acids = what physical characteristic? • CaproleicAcid • Lauroleic Acid • Myristoleic Acid • Palmoteic Acid • Oleic Acid (Omega 9) • Eruric Acid (Omega 9)

  7. Omega 9 Fatty Acids • Terminal double bond at 9 carbon • Not considered essential • b/c no n6 bond….does not promote eicosanoids • Olive oil, canola, rapeseed, mustard oil

  8. Polyunsaturated Fats 10% • 2 or more C=C • Contain Essential PUFAs: • Omega 3 • Omega 6

  9. Omega 3 • Alpha Linolenic Acid n-3 • Sources: soybean oil, canola oil, walnuts, wheat germ, flax, fishes, chia, hemp seeds, algaes, leaves • Converted by liver into : • Eicosapantaenic Acid • Docoshexanoic Acid

  10. Functions • Neurological development • Reduce vascular disease • Reduce tumor growth • Reduce inflammation • Reduce CVD • Improved immune function • Cell structure

  11. Omega 6 • Linoleic Acid n-6 • Sources: most vegetable oil, nuts, seeds • Converted by the liver: • Arachidoic Acid • Docosopantanoic Acid

  12. Functions • Promotes dermal integrity • Visual health • Cell structure

  13. Problems Associated • Proinflammatory • Eicosanoid: • Leukotrienes: inflammation • Thromboxane: platelet aggregation • Prostanglandins: immune and inflammation response

  14. Diseases Associated • CVD • CHD • Cancer • Artherosclerosis • Alzheimers • Obesity • Diabetes • ADHD • Stroke • Arthritis • Osteoporosis • ETC!!!

  15. TransFatty Acid (TFA)

  16. Structural Comparison • Trans position • Rigid • Cis-position • Fluid

  17. Naturally Occurring TFA • Ruminants and their lactation: • CLA (conjugated linoleic acid) • Vaccenic Acid • 3-7% total fat

  18. Artificially Occurring • Partial Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Fats • Process was created in 1901 • Proctor and Gamble created Crisco in 1911

  19. Benefits • Increased shelf life • Decreased refrigeration • Lower cost than tallow, palm oil, coconut oil or palm kernel oil (saturated fats) • Solid at room temp. and liquid when heated

  20. Dangers • Promotes increased Coronary Heart Disease (1956) and Cardiovascular Disease by increasing LDL and decreasing HDL • New England Journal of Medicine • National Academy of Science

  21. Recommendations • Non-essential and dangerous…the NAS recommends that we receive ZERO TFA • Labeling: to be ZERO TFA, a product must contain less that 1gr/serving

  22. Triglyceride Structure

  23. Structural Fats Phospholipids and Cholesterol

  24. Phospholipid Structure

  25. LIPID BILAYER

  26. Cholesterol

  27. Fat Digestion

  28. Mouth • Mechanical Digestion • Food mixes with saliva via mastication=bolus • Chemical Digestion: • Lingual Lipase: begins to melt triglycerides

  29. Stomach • Mechanical Digestion: creation of chyme • Chemical Digestion: • Gastric Lipase: acts upon butterfats and other triglycerides

  30. Small Intestines • Chyme squirted into SI • NaHCO3 neutralizeschyme • Bile emulsifies fat into micelles • Pancreatic lipase converts triglycerides into diglycerides • Intestinal lipase converts diglyceridesinotmonoglycerides and fatty acids

  31. Intestinal Mucosa • Absorbs fatty acids and monoglycerides and anabolically makes triglycerides • Absorbs cholesterol and phospholipid • Combines these fats into a chylomicron • Goes to the liver

  32. Liver • Dismantles the exogenous chylomicron • Creates VLDL • Released into bloodstream • VLDL becomes LDL

  33. LDL • High concentration of cholesterol • Attach to cellular cholesterol receptors and release cholesterol in cells • Do this to arterial cells…leads to plaques • Returned to liver to be destroyed

  34. HDL • Smallest lipoprotein produced by liver • Pick up free cholesterol and deliver to liver or steroid producing organs • The excess HDL destroyed by liver and that cholesterol is used as component of bile

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