ENV 311/ EEB 320 Winter 2007

1. Higher Plants ENV 311/ EEB 320 Winter 2007

2. A Small Tree diagram

3. A Small Tree diagram

4. A Small Tree Diagram:Bryophyta Kingdom Phylum Cyperaceae Halogoraceae Hydrocharitaceae Lemnaceae Poaceae Potamogetonaceae Sparganiaceae Typhaceae AceraceaeBetulaceae Cornaceae Cruciferae Sarraceniaceae Ericaceae Lythraceae Platanaceae Salicaceae Family Note: Orders are not shown

5. Phylum BryophytaFamily Sphagnaceae, Sphagnum spp. • Sphagnum spp. • ID: feathery foliage, often growing in dense mats that readily absorbs water • Habitat: bogs, acid wetlands, fens, responsible for bog formation, acid foliage grows on itself • Notes: mosses are incredibly diverse and important in aquatic ecosystems

6. A Small Tree diagram

7. A Small Tree Diagram:Pterophyta Kingdom Phylum Cyperaceae Halogoraceae Hydrocharitaceae Lemnaceae Poaceae Potamogetonaceae Sparganiaceae Typhaceae AceraceaeBetulaceae Cornaceae Cruciferae Sarraceniaceae Ericaceae Lythraceae Platanaceae Salicaceae Family Note: Orders are not shown

8. Phylum Pterophyta • Has true leaves, roots, and stems • Leaves are large, and many families demonstrate “circinate vernation”

9. Family PolypodiaceaeSensitive Fern - Onoclea sensibilis • ID: fruiting stalk looks like grapes, relatively simple diamond shaped frond. • Habitat: streamsides, wet woods • Notes: no seeds but spores, ferns pre-date all other plants except horsetails, older than dinosaurs • Relatives: royal fern, wood fern, ostrich fern

10. A Small Tree diagram

11. A Small Tree Diagram:Sphenophyta Kingdom Phylum Cyperaceae Halogoraceae Hydrocharitaceae Lemnaceae Poaceae Potamogetonaceae Sparganiaceae Typhaceae AceraceaeBetulaceae Cornaceae Cruciferae Sarraceniaceae Ericaceae Lythraceae Platanaceae Salicaceae Family Note: Orders are not shown

12. Phylum SphenophytaHorsetails • Shoots consist of nodes and internodes, leaves are whorled and scale-like • Uses spores as the reproductive unit (encased in the strobilus) • One extant family, Equisetaceae

13. Family EquisetaceaeEquisetum hyemale • ID: green stem with dominant ridges, no branches or leaves. Strobilus on top made of sproangia. • Habitat: disturbed wet areas. • Notes: stem contains silica. Ancestors were once the dominant plant of the carboniferous age.

14. A Small Tree diagram

15. A Small Tree Diagram:Pinophyta Kingdom Phylum Cyperaceae Halogoraceae Hydrocharitaceae Lemnaceae Poaceae Potamogetonaceae Sparganiaceae Typhaceae AceraceaeBetulaceae Cornaceae Cruciferae Sarraceniaceae Ericaceae Lythraceae Platanaceae Salicaceae Family Note: Orders are not shown

16. Phylum Pinophyta • Seed plants all of which produce woody stems. • All members produce abundant secondary xylem and grow as either trees or shrubs.

17. Family Pinacea • Monoecious trees with spirally arranged leaves. • Essentially an evergreen group though Larix is deciduous.

18. Black Spruce - Picea mariana • ID: Leaves stiff, four-sided, dark blue-green ½" needles borne on woody pegs. Thin, scaly, and grayish-brown bark. • Habitat: Most abundant in peat bogs and swamps, also on transitional sites between peatlands and uplands.

19. Tamarack - Larix laricina • ID: pegs (short shoots) on twig • Habitat: moist soils = fens and bogs (peatlands) • Notes: only deciduous conifer in our area

20. Family CupressaceaeNorthernWhite-Cedar - Thuja occidentalis • ID: Has scaled leaves (not needles). Trunk often divided into two or more secondary trunks. Fibrous bark, sometimes shredding. • Habitat: Prefers lowland sites with strong flow of moderately mineral-rich soil water of near neutral pH and where the organic peat is moderately to well decomposed, usually 1'-6' thick and containing rotten wood. • Notes: Will invade and form even-aged stands in openings created by windfall or cutting and recently burned swamps.

21. A Small Tree diagram

22. A Small Tree Diagram:Magnoliophyta Kingdom Phylum Cyperaceae Halogoraceae Hydrocharitaceae Lemnaceae Poaceae Potamogetonaceae Sparganiaceae Typhaceae AceraceaeBetulaceae Cornaceae Cruciferae Sarraceniaceae Ericaceae Lythraceae Platanaceae Salicaceae Family Note: Orders are not shown

23. Phylum Magnoliophyta • Phylum consisting of nearly a quarter of a million species of angiosperms. • Plants range in habit and form from minute, aquatic duckweeds to giant, buttressed forest trees. • Plants are typified by a true flower

24. A Small Tree diagram

25. A Small Tree Diagram:Liliopsida Kingdom Phylum Cyperaceae Halogoraceae Hydrocharitaceae Lemnaceae Poaceae Potamogetonaceae Sparganiaceae Typhaceae AceraceaeBetulaceae Cornaceae Cruciferae Sarraceniaceae Ericaceae Lythraceae Platanaceae Salicaceae Family Note: Orders are not shown

26. CyperaceaeSedges - Carex spp. • ID: flattened blades are often keeled, triangular at base • Habitat: fens, marshes, wetlands • Notes: hundreds of species in Michigan, often dominate groundcover in fens, marshes

27. HalogoraceaeMilfoils - Myriophyllum spp. • Its name comes from Greek, "myri" meaning "too many to count", and "phyll", meaning "leaf“ • ID: Whorls of fine, pinnately divided leaves. • Habitat: submersed aquatic environments • Notes: Waterfowl eat the fruits and leaves. Muskrats eat the entire plant.

28. LemnaceaeDuckweed - Lemna spp. • ID: Very simple plants, lacking a stem or leaves, but consisting of a small bladelike structure floating on or just under the surface, with or without simple rootlets. • Habitat: floating • Notes: An important food source for waterfowl. They may provide nitrate removal.

29. PoaceaeCommon reed - Phragmites australis • ID: Stiff stems, erect, up to 16 ft. tall, leaves alternate along top half of stem. “Feathery” leaf florets. • Habitat: Wetlands, shores, and waters several feet deep. • Notes: Until recently the status of the plant as native to North America or introduced has been in dispute but new work has demonstrated the existence of native and introduced genotypes of P. australis

30. PotamogetonaceaePondweed - Potamogeton spp. • ID: lots of variety between species, most are floating leaved, attached plants with opposite leaves and a pink flower in summer • Habitat: range from submerged to floating leaved to emergent • Notes: phosphorous pump from sediments into water column

31. TyphaceaeCattails - Typha spp. • ID: long, flat fleshy leaves, seed head large and brown (like a hotdog on a skewer) • Habitat: usually everywhere except bogs • Notes: emergent, extremely prolific especially in areas of stable water level and high nutrient loads; • two main species - T. latifolia and T. angustifolia - may hybridize

32. SparganiaceaeBur-reeds - Sparganium spp. • ID: Plants slender, to more than 2 m long; leaves and inflorescences usually floating. • Habitat: Typically emergent in shallow water. • Notes: Perennial, reed-like marsh plants, colonial from rhizomes.

33. HydrocharitaceaeElodea - Elodea canadensis • ID: Three leaves per whorl around the stem. • Habitat: Lives entirely underwater, except flowering parts. Can be found from very shallow to deep waters. Grows best in silty, nutrient-rich waters. • Notes: Provides good habitat for many aquatic inverts and cover for young fish and amphibians. Waterfowl eat Elodea.

34. A Small Tree diagram

35. A Small Tree Diagram:Magnoliopsida Kingdom Phylum Cyperaceae Halogoraceae Hydrocharitaceae Lemnaceae Poaceae Potamogetonaceae Sparganiaceae Typhaceae Aceraceae Betulaceae Cornaceae Cruciferae Sarraceniaceae Ericaceae Lythraceae Platanaceae Salicaceae Family Note: Orders are not shown

36. AceraceaeAcer spp. • Name derives from the Latin “acris” (sharp), from the hardness of the wood, used for lances in the past. • ID: Opposite leaf arrangement, with usually palmately lobed leaves. Distinctive “key” fruit, shaped to distribute seeds in the wind.

37. Acer negundo“Ash-leaved Maple” or “Boxelder” • ID: It is a small, usually fairly short-lived tree that grows up to 10-20 m tall, with a trunk diameter of 30-50 cm, rarely up to 1 m diameter. The shoots are green, often with a whitish to pink or violet wax coating when young. It has pinnate leaves with usually five (sometimes three or seven) leaflets.

38. Acer rubrum“Red maple” or “Swamp maple”

39. Acer saccharinum“Silver maple”

40. BetulaceaeAlnus spp. • ID: alternate leaves, blunt ends, lenticels, cones and male catkins, gray branches • Habitat: near groundwater seeps, not found in bogs • Notes: very shade intolerant. Alders establish symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, that convert N2 into soil-soluble NO3.

41. CornaceaeRed-osier Dogwood – Cornus stolonifera • ID: opposite, simple leaves with latex veins, red stems, green when young, lenticels • Habitat: streamsides, lakeshores, wetlands known for it propensity to form arching stolons • Notes: other red dogwood (C. amomum) has hairy twigs, and round lenticels in similar habitat • Relatives: flowering dogwood, bunchberry

42. CruciferaeWatercress - Rorippa spp. • Fast-growing aquatic or semi-aquatic perennials native from Europe to central Asia • The stems of watercress are floating and the leaves are pinnately compound. • Relatives: Egyptian papyrus

43. SarraceniaceaePitcher Plant - Sarracenia purpurea • ID: leaves shaped into a pitcher-like shape in which water accumulates • Habitat: sphagnum bogs and tamarack swamps, also fens and boggy interdunal flats and pools, surviving in both acid and alkaline habitats • Notes: invertebrates fall into accumulated, often cannot escape because of downward-pointed hairs on the inside of the plant. Some insects and mites live in the water, including the larvae of the non-biting mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii Coq. (Diptera: Culicidae), which only is found in these plants.

44. EricaceaeLeatherleaf - Chamaedaphne calyculatta • ID: leatherly leaves with powdered undersides (tiny hairs), distinctive fruit • Habitat: very open, acid wetlands (bogs), forms dense knee-high thickets • Notes: member of an acidophilic family, limited to certain habitats, common in northern Michigan • Relatives: blueberry, huckleberry, wintergreen

45. LythraceaePurple loosestrife - Lythrum salicaria • ID: stalks of purple flowers growing densely in almost pure meadows • Habitat: streamsides, lakeshores, marshes • Notes: extremely aggressive invasive species, wiping out many other native riparian species, and is hard to control. • Relatives: waterwillow

46. OleaceaeBlack ash - Fraxinus nigra • ID: Hardwood with compound (7-11) leaflets. Branchlets stout; dark buds; trunk light-grey bark, soft with corky edges. Fruit appear in May or June, about the same time as the leaves, and are an elongated, winged, samara. • Habitat: Grows in bogs, along streams, or in poorly-drained areas that are often seasonally flooded. It is most common on peat and muck soils. Grows better in moving waters. • Notes: The seeds are important food for birds and small mammals, and the twigs and leaves provide browse for deer.

47. PlatanaceaeSycamore - Platanus occidentalis • ID: Leaves are 3 and sometimes 5-lobed, flat medium green in summer; fall color is tan to brown. Its bark is distinctive: on older trees it peels and flakes, leaving a lighter underbark. • Habitat: Grows on the edge of streams and lakes and small depressions having slow drainage, as well as on wet muck land, shallow peat soils, and soils associated with river bottoms and flood plains.

48. SalicaceaeWillow - Salix spp. • ID: narrow, toothed leaves, single budscales, appressed buds, yellowish twigs • Habitat: open wet places, streamsides, lakeshores, often colonizing newly exposed ground • Notes: trees or shrubs with roots in water, aspirin made from bark, cotton-like seeds are common to family

49. The End