Andrew Jackson and Jacksonian Democracy: A Political Era of Change

1. SSUSH7 Investigate political, economic, and social developments during the Age of Jackson.

2. SSUSH7 a. Explain Jacksonian Democracy, including expanding suffrage, the Nullification Crisis and states' rights, and the Indian Removal Act.

3. Andrew Jackson: • 7th President of the US • Political Party: Democratic-Republican • Would later become the leader of the modern day Democratic Party • Known as the “Common Man” • From Tennessee, born into poverty • War hero of the War of 1812 • Supporter of states’ rights & slavery extension

4. Presidential Election of 1824- The rise of sectionalism began with the election candidates: -- John Quincy Adams (Massachusetts) -- William Crawford (Georgia) -- Henry Clay (Kentucky) -- Andrew Jackson (Tennessee) The Election was a tie and was decided by the House of Representatives. Election of 1824

5. “Corrupt Bargain”- Only the top three candidates of the race were voted on by the House of Representatives. Crawford dropped out due to health reasons. Henry Clay backed John Quincy Adams because of personal feelings toward Andrew Jackson. Clay became the Secretary of State under Adams. Jackson supporters labeled the move a “corrupt bargain.” Election of 1824

6. Unpopular Presidency- Adams’ presidency was very disappointing as Andrew Jackson’s supporters in Congress made life difficult for the new president. Led to a very contested race in 1828. Adams’ Unpopularity Andrew Jackson

7. Presidential Election of 1828- The race was heated as both Jacksonians and supporters of Adams traded negative ads in newspapers. The challenger, Jackson carried the South and the West, while the incumbent Adams carried New England. Jackson easily won the presidency. Election of 1828

8. Jacksonian Democracy--Expanding suffrage: • Under Jackson’s presidency, states lowered the voting requirements, allowing all adult white males to vote, not just landowners. • “universal male suffrage”

9. Spoils System- The policy of rewarding political supporters with positions within the government. Democratic Party- Jackson’s supporters broke with the Democratic-Republicans and formed the modern-day Democratic Party. Expansion of states’ rights- Wanted to limit federal government’s power & expand state power Jacksonian Democracy

10. In the early 1800s South Carolina’s economy began to weaken in part due to high government tariffs, or taxes, on imports In 1828 Congress passed another tariff, which many called the Tariff of Abominations South Carolina threatened to secede from the U.S. over the high tariffs Why would tariffs hurt Southern states like South Carolina more than Northern States? Nullification Crisis

11. Nullification Crisis • Vice-President John C. Calhoun, from South Carolina, supported the idea of nullification, or the right of the states to nullify (cancel) federal laws they opposed. • He declared that states had this power of nullification because the states had created the federal government

12. Nullification Crisis • In 1832, Congress passed yet another tariff law • In November 1832, South Carolina declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null, and refused to pay the federal government’s taxes on imports

13. Nullification Crisis • President Andrew Jackson ordered a warship to Charleston, viewing the nullification as a treasonous act • To ease tensions, Congress passed a bill that gradually lowered tariffs • South Carolina repealed its nullification of tariffs and the issue was temporarily solved How was the Nullification Crisis an example of sectionalism?

14. Indian Removal Act of 1830- Under the Act, the United States forced Native Americans off its traditional lands in support of white settlement. Native Americans were forced west of the Mississippi River. Fighting broke out, but many nations peaceably migrated. War on Native Americans

15. Indian Removal Act of 1830- War on Native Americans

16. Worcester v. Georgia (1832)- Supreme Court case which supported the Cherokee Nation to remain in Georgia, but Jackson snubbed the decision. Chief Justice John Marshall battled Jackson in a war of words over the decision. War on Native Americans

17. Trail of Tears (1837—38)- Forced relocation of Georgia’s Cherokee Nation to Oklahoma. During the forced migration, nearly 25% died due to disease and starvation. War on Native Americans

18. SSUSH7 b. Explain how the North, South, and West were linked through industrial and economic expansion including Henry Clay and the American System.

19. Industrial Revolution: • Industrialization followed the US after the War of 1812 • The North, South, and West were linked together through advances in technology and industry • Creation of the cotton gin saved slavery (rapidly removes seeds from cotton); increased the need for more slaves to pick cotton

20. Henry Clay- Nationalist leader who proposed the “American System” to improve the nation. “American System”-Name applied to a series of government measures to build infrastructure and the economy to create a diversified, self-sufficient economy. Protective tariffs to encourage American manufacturing New transportation systems built A New national bank Expansion:

21. Internal Improvements- Funding for canals and roads increased the nation’s infrastructure (which connected its three regions: North, South, and West. The largest projects were the National Road and Erie Canal. Clay’s “American System”

22. Erie Canal- Built from Lake Erie to the Hudson River. Connects the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. Allowed the transport of goods and people from the Mid-west to the East Coast. Boosted economy and population (New York City) Clay’s “American System”

23. Erie Canal

24. National Road- Built in 1811, paid for by the Nat’l Government Built to connect the East Coast with the interior West. Boosted trade and population into the Mid-west and Mississippi River Valley. Clay’s “American System”

25. Second National Bank of the United States (1816—1836)- The War of 1812 showed the weakness of the United States monetary supply. Chartered for 20 years. The bank provided much needed capital for internal improvements. Clay’s “American System”

26. Religion & Social Reforms c. Explain the influence of the Second Great Awakening on social reform movements, including temperance, public education, and women’s efforts to gain suffrage.

27. The Second Great Awakening: • Began in the early 1800s • Protestant preachers wanted to revive the role of religion in America, feeling that Americans had veered away from religion • Church membership increased drastically • Helped to motivate several social reforms in which Americans attempted to make ethical changes

28. TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT Prohibition or limit of alcohol ISSUE: People should drink less alcohol or it should be completely outlawed

29. The Drunkard’s Progress

30. TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT • IMPACT: • per capita consumption cut in half between 1820 and 1840 • Protest church organizations gain influence • Women played a key role, leads to the women’s • movement

31. EDUCATION REFORM • ISSUE: • Many areas didn’t have free public schools • School year was short • Teachers were untrained Horace Mann led the reforms in Massachusetts. Other states followed.

32. EDUCATION REFORM • IMPACT: • Established the right of all children to an education • More tax supported public schools • Improved education by required teachers to be trained reforms were still limited 1. no mandatory attendance 2. improvements only for white males 3. South far behind Northern advances

33. ABOLITION • ISSUE: • Abolitionists wanted to outlaw slavery. • IMPACT: • Created a very controversial political issue over the future of slavery in the territories • Made Southerners defend slavery more strongly.

34. WOMEN’S RIGHTS Situation that existed 1. lacked legal & social equality --could not vote (suffrage) sit on juries, own property, earn her own salary, no legal protection from abuse, not guardian of the children 2. “cult of domesticity”--women were valued as the moral guardians of the home, family, & society

35. WOMEN’S RIGHTS • WHAT WOMEN WANTED: • Full citizenship • Voting rights • Parental and custody rights KEY LEADERS: Elizabeth Cady Stanton Lucretia Mott

36. SENECA FALLS CONVENTION Seneca Falls, NY • Led by: Lucretia Mott & Elizabeth Cady Stanton • adopted a “Declaration of Sentiments” • Declaration of Women’s Rights, including the right to vote (suffrage) • modeled after the Dec. of Ind. • IMPACT: • very few small changes • overshadowed by the bigger issue of Abolition

38. Slavery d. Explain how the significance of slavery grew in American politics including slave rebellions and the rise of abolitionism.

39. Slavery and the Southern Economy • The South was mainly agricultural with very little manufacturing • The main crops during the mid 1800s were rice and cotton, both which required extensive labor to produce • Though slavery was prevalent in the South, the vast majority of Southerners did not own slaves

40. Nat Turner’s Revolt: • Slave Codes put restrictions on slaves, preventing them from learning to read and write and restricting their rights • Nat Turner, a Virginia slave, believed God had chosen him to lead a revolt • Turner and his followers killed more than 50 people before being caught • Turner’s Revolt led to states passing even stricter codes and restrictions on both slaves and free African Americans

41. Abolitionist Movement: • Increase in movement as part of Second Great Awakening • American Colonization Society: called for emancipation & transportation of freed slaves back to Africa to be settled in Liberia (William Lloyd Garrison) • William Lloyd Garrison became one of the country’s leading abolitionist, publishing the pro-abolitionist newspaper the Liberator.

42. Abolitionists: • Grimke Sisters: South Carolina sisters who moved north to promote the abolitionist movement • Fredrick Douglass, a former slave from Maryland, published the abolitionist newspaper the North Star and an autobiography