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1. at Home & Away at Home & Away
2. at Home & Away Size and Geography pose constraints in the Pacific World Bank strategy is two pronged:
Bring jobs to the people
Take people to the jobs
Export diversification: but met with import barriers
3. at Home & Away CHAPTER TWO
4. at Home & Away Excess labour meets excess demand Population growth estimated under revised fertility, mortality, migration rates
Employment creation unlikely to keep up with population growth, esp. Melanesia
Converse true in neighbouring developed markets
5. at Home & Away CHAPTER THREE
6. at Home & Away Impact of remittances at household level? Small amounts of money sent, even after migrant away for a long time
Usually to parents, siblings, later to build nest egg
Even HH w/o migrants receive remittances
7. at Home & Away Impact of remittances at household level? Reduce poverty
Improve income distribution
Increase investment in education
Some business activity spurred
8. at Home & Away The great falsehoods…debunked Remittances spent on consumption are wasted
Remittances should/can be chanelled into investment
“Remittance-dependent” communities
Negative impact on labour supply, similar to resource rents
9. at Home & Away CHAPTER FOUR
10. at Home & Away Pro-poor migration ? Balance in migration badly needed
Temporary movements for unskilled, bilaterally negotiated
11. at Home & Away Can bilateral schemes work? Receivers concerns: Overstaying? Workers rights? Cost burden? Viability? Changing labour market conditions?
International issues: WTO compatibility?
Senders concerns: country preparation?
12. at Home & Away Receivers concerns Design schemes with 4 Cs:
Cost sharing
Circular flows
Choice of workers qualifications
Commercial viability (6 months = $5000 savings)
13. at Home & Away International issues: WTO Fundamental
Migration and WTO don’t mix
MFN and prices-not-quantities will not apply to labour
Practical
Service liberalization different from agriculture or manufacturing
Economic Integration schemes will allow bilateral arrangement
14. at Home & Away Sending Country concerns Workers R’s (recruitment, rights, return)
Capacity to regulate
Ability to design incentives & penalties
Financial obligations
Travel costs, taxation
Remittance flows, transaction costs are high
15. at Home & Away World Bank role Identify policies to assist small remote developing countries in reducing economic vulnerability
Develop empirical and analytical tools to understand the scope and potential of labour mobility in the region
Elevate labour mobility from domestic immigration policy to an international development issue – undertake policy advocacy on behalf of small countries
16. at Home & Away Be an ‘honest broker’ in the dialogue on this sensitive topic in a politically neutral manner
Facilitate labour mobility through advice and technical assistance to prepare sending country systems to improve the supply chain