Defining Leadership

1. Defining Leadership

2. Leadership • Leadership; • Example of leaders;

3. Conventional Examples of Strong Leaders

4. Components • A process of influence; • Sanctioned influence; • Leaders and followers; • Voluntary surrender control • Goal oriented context

5. Leadership v.s. management • Leadership is a managerial task; • Management is leadership applied to business situations; • an effective manager should possess leadership skills, and an effective leader should demonstrate management skills.

6. Management involves power by position. • Leadership involves power by influence. • managers concerned themselves with tasks while leaders concerned themselves with people.

7. Managers Are appointed to their position Can influence people only to the extent of the formal authority of their position Do not necessarily have the skills and capabilities to be leaders Leaders Are appointed or emerge from within a work group Can influence other people and have managerial authority Do not necessarily have the skills and capabilities to be managers Managers Versus Leaders Leadership is the process of influencing a group toward the achievement of goals.

8. Definition • The use of noncoercive influence to direct and coordinate the activities of the members of an organized group toward the accomplishment of group objectives • The process…

9. The importance • Goal-directed functions • Generating and maintaining the required effort; • Directing and coordinating the effort; • Attracting new followers; • Symbolic function • Representing the group or organization; • Focal point • Heroic, large-than-life value

10. The transactional model

11. Three forces • Followers • Interaction and exchange between; • Situation • leader

12. Leadership Questions • ►Who do you consider leaders in your school? • ►What do you think makes someone an effective leader? Which of those qualities do you have?

13. Factors Affecting Leadership Style

14. Leadership style • The way in which a leader uses power to lead others determines his or her leadership style.

16. Types of Leadership Style • Autocratic: • Leader makes decisions without reference to anyone else • High degree of dependency on the leader • Can create de-motivation and alienation of staff • May be valuable in some types of business where decisions need to be made quickly and decisively

17. Authoritarian (autocratic) • Decision maker? • Consulting employees? • Question: How might an autocratic sales manager do with quota?

18. Types of Leadership Style • Democratic: • Encourages decision making from different perspectives – leadership may be emphasised throughout the organisation

19. Types of Leadership Style • Democratic: • May help motivation and involvement • Workers feel ownership of the firm and its ideas • Improves the sharing of ideas and experiences within the business • Can delay decision making

20. Participative (democratic) • Decision maker? • Consulting employees? • E.g. How will a democratic sales manager do with quota?

21. Types of Leadership Style • Laissez-Faire (free rein) : • The leadership responsibilities are shared by all • Can be very useful in businesses where creative ideas are important • Can be highly motivational, as people have control over their working life • Can make coordination and decision making time-consuming and lacking in overall direction • Relies on good team work • Relies on good interpersonal relations

22. free rein • Decision maker?

23. Analysis • Make an analysis of the former CEOs of AT&T. What are their leadership styles? Why do they take such a style?

24. Four factors affect leadership style • people • the job • management support • personal characteristics

25. Employees with low expectations Work-centered; Autocratic Close supervision Employees with high expectations People-centered Democratic To work on their own People The performance levels & expectations

26. people • How to motivate people? • Satisfy the need of people with different kinds of leadership style

27. Hierarchy of need --Abraham maslow

28. Pursue inner talent Achievement mastery recognition respect Friends family spouse lover Security stability freedom from fear Food water shelter warmth

29. people • Different kind of motivation • Question • But how about when your employees have various needs?

30. The job • Compare: which leadership style is more efficient, democratic or autocratic? • Urgent or not • Analysis or coordination; • Uncertainty or certainty

31. Management Support • The reward system • The approval and support of higher management

32. The Reward System • Short-run reward system –authoritarian leadership • Long-run reward system—more democratic leadership

33. Examples : • Koppers corporation’s incentive program base on a three-year period performance. • Phillips Petroleum’s two separate incentive program.

34. The approval and support of higher management • People-oriented leader • Autocratic leader

35. Personal characteristics • Question • What characteristics should a leader has? • Suggest you are a nonmanagerial employee what kind of character of the leader do you like most?

36. Some important characteristics • Sincerity • Knowledge • Need to be accepted

37. Would you like an insincerity person to be your leader? • A silent tongue and true heart are the most admirable things on earth. • -----proverb • Insincerity is a stumbling block of the management. An insincerity leader can’t make the job go smoothly. • But sincerity is opposite.

38. Is a knowledgeable leader useful? • If a leader lack of knowledge, is he competent? • Should a leader is more knowledgeable than his employees?

39. Should the leader be lonely? • Many managers complain about the loneliness of the leadership.

40. Summarization • It ’s, of course, vital to recognize that no leadership style is correct, and that style is always dependent upon the particular situation, and the nature and culture of the  organization

41. Question • Which leadership style is the best one? • When facing extremely easy and extremely difficult situation, which leadership style is suitable? • When facing moderately difficult situations?

42. The History of Leadership Thought

43. Ten streams of leadership thought • Personality Era • Influence Era • Behavior Era • Situation Era • Contingency Era

44. Ten streams of leadership thought • Transactional Era • Anti-Leadership Era • Culture Era • Transformational Era • Integrative Era

45. Personality Era • Leaders are born, not made. • The qualities essential for leadership could not be taught. • Research focused on identifying personal characteristics that differentiated leaders from nonleaders was unsuccessful.

46. Influence Era • Leadership was considered as influence over others, through power and persuasion.

47. Behavior Era • Leader’s actions and rewarding of followers was important

48. Situation Era • Social status and group, environmental, and sociotechnical influences on the leader are brought into the analysis of leader effectiveness.

49. Contingency Era • The most appropriate leader behavior was contingent on the situation.

50. Transactional Era • The exchange relationship between leader and members, that is, their agreed-upon roles, rewards, and interaction, was more fully developed in this era. • Leaders who guide or motivate their followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying role and task requirements.