World History in a Week: The Big Picture

1. World History in a Week:The Big Picture

2. When did Humans arrive on the scene? • Age of hominids? 5-7 million years • Homo erectus? 2 million years • Homo sapiens? 250,000 years • Neanderthals? 140,000-50,000 y.a. • Separate evolutionary line? First genocide? • Cro-Magnon invasion of Europe? 40,000 y.a. (fully modern anatomy) Australopithecus afarensis Homo erectus

3. Hominid Development?

4. Hunter-Gatherers • Humanity’s only “economic” activity for at least 90% of our existence. • Low population densities (small groups of 40-60; 1 person/ mi2) • Largely egalitarian - every person performs essential functions.

5. Great Leap Forward When? 50,000 years before present Emergence of modern hunter-gatherer “toolbox”: • Fish hooks, Arrows, Bows, Needles, Engravers, Awls • Art • Jewelry (Beads at first) • Navigation/Boating? (Australia from New Guinea) Proposed Causes: • Voice box development / language • Brain organization change Lascaux Caves, France Northern Australia

6. Human Expansion Urbanization and increased efficiency lead to population growth, which leads to need for more space.

7. Human Expansion “Out of Africa” Based on Archaeological and Fossil Evidence Including Homo erectusand Homo neanderthalensis

8. Human Expansion: based on mitochondrial DNA study of Homo sapiens

9. Pleistocene Overkill Hypothesis • Large, slow, or tame animals become extinct shortly after hunter-gatherer arrival in New World, Polynesia, Australia / New Guinea. • Flightless birds, giant cave bear, ground sloth. Giant Extinct Moa, New Zealand Skeleton of Giant Ground Sloth, Los Angeles

10. Agricultural Revolution Domestication of Plants and Animals • Seed Agriculture - Fertile Crescent, western India, northern China, Ethiopia, southern Mexico (10,000 b.p.) Rice, wheat, and corn account for more than 50% of world population's food calories and were among the first plants domesticated (along with millet, sorghum wheat, rye, barley).

11. Agricultural Revolution Source: Goudie, Andrew. 2006. Human Impact on the Natural Environment.

12. Agricultural Revolution Source: Goudie, Andrew. 2006. Human Impact on the Natural Environment.

13. Agricultural Revolution Domestication of Animals • Dog was probably first. • Early domesticated animals: cattle, oxen, pigs, sheep, goats, guinea pigs, llama • role in agricultural production and success • relationship to success of particular cultures: Indo-European Horsemen

14. Agricultural Revolution Primary effects: • Urbanization • Social Stratification • Occupational Specialization • Increased population densities Teotihuacan

15. Human Expansion and Ancient Empires Urbanization and increased efficiency lead to population growth and increased density, which leads to need for more space. Ancient Examples: • Aztecs, Maya • Chinese Warlords / Dynasties • Polynesians • Roman Empire • Muslim / Ottoman Empire Human and environmental costs are inevitable.

16. The Roman Empire, 27 B.C. to 476 C.E. Economic basis: farming of wheat, olives, & grapes, mining, fishing, raiding, and tradingLasting influences: language, architecture, engineering, law, politics, values (duty, piety, justice, gravitas, brutality), spread of Christianity after 313 AD.

17. The Decline of the Roman Empire (400-500 AD) Germanic mercenaries revolt and others invade Roman Empire. Lasting Influences / Geographic Effects?

18. Agricultural and Industrial Societies Accelerate Extinctions • Flightless birds, whales, otters • U.S. Passenger Pigeon Mauritius, Indian Ocean Dodo Bird discovered in 1598, extinct by 1681. Dodo Bird, Mauritius, Indian Ocean

19. The “Middle Ages” or “Dark Ages” • Feudalism • Roman Catholic Christianity Dominant in Europe • The Spanish Inquisition (1478) Jews and Muslims Expelled/Tortured The Crusades (1095 – 1272) Franks and Holy Roman Empire attempt to retake Jerusalem from Muslims.

20. Muhammad and the Rise of Islam

21. Islamic World circa A.D. 1500 Lasting Influences / Geographic Effects?Slave trade, Trade Routes, Spread of Islam, Growth of Cities, Mathematics, Engineering (e.g., waterwheel)

22. Ottoman Empire (1299-1923) • One of the longest lasting empires in history • Islam, Jihad and state power intertwined in one man, the Sultan, as “protector of Islam” • State-run education, law, and judicial system Lasting influences: Armenian Genocide (1915) one of first modern, systematic genocides, Islamic architecture, Turkic language, food

23. The Mongol Empire, 1260 Economic basis: shepherding goats & sheep, horse-based raiding and tradingLasting influences: religious tolerance, reestablished trade routes like Silk Road, horse-based warfare, diplomatic immunity, free trade, and paper currency

24. Age of European Discovery, Exploration, and Colonization 1492 - 1771: • Bartholomew Dias (Portugal), 1488 - rounds Cape of Good Hope • Columbus, 1492 (Spanish/Italian) - first of four voyages to “New World” • Vasco De Gama (Portugal), 1498 - reaches India • Magellan (Portugal), 1519 - First Circumnavigation • James Cook (England), 1768-1771 - voyages in Pacific / Polynesia; end of era of Discovery The geographical knowledge acquired was crucial to the expansion of European political and economic power in the 16th Century.

25. The Spanish Empire, 1770 Economic basis: naval technology, resource extraction, religionLasting influences: language, law, Roman Catholicism, land distribution in Latin America

26. Lasting Influences / Geographic Effects?

27. 1936 European Colonization Affected Huge Swaths of the World (1492-20th Century)

30. Cultural Imperialism • Systematic eradication of native culture • Imposition of Western culture • Reference group behavior • Self-Westernization • Japan, China, Turkey • Internal colonialism

31. Industrial Revolution(The Atlantic-industrial Era) 1733, First Cotton Mill opens in England 1793, Eli Whitney invents cotton ‘gin 1800, steam engines become common (steamboats, locomotives) 1837, Morse (and two Brits, independent of Morse ) invent telegraph 1877, Bell invents telephone 1908, Henry Ford delivers first Model T Belt of industrial cities form an economic core based on fossil fuel consumption. • Geographic Effects? • Energy Consumption • Natural Resources • Land Use

32. Global Communications and Transportation Revolution Technology: • Containerization of Cargo (1950s) • Nuclear Energy (Fission) • Television (1950s) • Inexpensive International Air Transport (1960s - present) • Internet and earlier Arpanet (1960s) • Personal Computer (1980s) • Satellite Communications (1990s) Lasting Influences / Geographic Effects?

33. Today’s Technological Revolution What emerging technologies will change the world? Which parts of the world stand poised to capitalize on them? Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Artificial Intelligence Robotics and micro-robotics Nanotechnology Economic Globalization Lasting Influences / Geographic Effects?

34. 25 Largest Multinational Corporations, 2007Source:Global Policy Forum (www.globalpolicy.org)

35. Globalization Nearly everything moves farther and more quickly today: Innovations, Diseases, People, Ideologies, Financial Crises, Information.

36. Human Population Growth Source: Data from U.S. Census Bureau World Population Clock (click)

37. Human Impact on the Planet, 2002 Red represents roads, power lines, major landscape change (e.g. agriculture), pipelines, and urbanized areas.Source: UNEP, 2002

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