Food security and sustainable agriculture GIZ / FSC Workshop

1. Food security and sustainable agriculture GIZ / FSC Workshop

2. Today we have the technical means to feed 12 bill people. BMZ quoting FAO

3. One in nine people, suffer from hunger that accounts for about 805 million people in the world. FAO report State of Food Insecurity (SOFI), September 2014

5. What are the reasons for hunger?

7. Food Gap Taking into account a growing population and shifting diets, the world will need to produce 69 percent more food calories in 2050 than we did in 2006.

9. Concept of Food Security (Four Pilars) • Availability of Food • Access to Food • Use and Utilisation of Food • Stability of Food Security

10. Availability of food • physical existence of food through own production or markets (stock, trade, import) AVAILABILITY

11. Access to food • Physical access through infrastructure like roads, markets, etc. • Socio-economic access is ensured when all households and individuals have sufficient resources to obtain appropriate food for a nutritious diet. • =>depends on capital, labour, educationandfood prices AVAILABILITY ACCESS

12. Useand Utilization of food • Userefers to socio-economic aspects and decisions on household level: • what food to buy, how to prepare and consume it • allocation within the household (often unequal distribution; women and children disadvantaged) • Social /cultural function of food • knowledge of good nutrition, health, food preparation, processing and storage • =>determined by knowledge, education, tradition, taboos, statusof household • members AVAILABILITY ACCESS USE

13. Use and Utilizationof food • Utilizationrefers to the ability of the individual person to digest food and convert it into energy or growth • Nutrition: Consumption & good utilization of nutrient-rich food to cover individual needs • Good nutrition requires • an divers and adequate diet, • healthy physical environment (incl. safe drinking water, hygiene, sanitary facilities, shelter), • adequatecaring capacities esp. for mothers and children • adequate health services AVAILABILITY ACCESS USE/UTILIZATION (NUTRITION)

14. Stability in the food supply • => refers to temporary dimension of FNS: stability of the other three dimensions over time . • Problems: • Chronic food insecurity • Transitory or cyclical food insecurity (“hungry or lean period” before next harvest) • Acute and temporary food insecurity due to shocks (i.e. floods, droughts, conflicts, etc.) AVAILABILITY ACCESS USE/UTILIZATION (NUTRITION) STABILITY

15. Definition of Food and Nutrition Security “Food and nutrition security exists when all people at all times have physical, social and economic access to food, which is safe and consumed in sufficient quantity and quality to meet their dietary needs and food preferences, and is supported by an environment of adequate sanitation, health services and care, allowing for a healthy and active life.” Committee on World Food Security (CFS) 2010

16. … So is this boy food and nutrition secure?

17. Basic definitions by FAO Undernourishment or cronic hunger A state, lasting for at least one year, of inability to acquire enough food, defined as a level of food intake insufficient to meet dietary energy requirements. Hunger = undernourishment Undernutrition The outcome of undernourishment, and/or poor absorption and/or poor biological use of nutrients consumed as a result of repeated infectious disease. It includes being underweight for one’s age, too short for one’s age (stunted), dangerously thin for one’s height (wasted) and deficient in vitamins and minerals (micronutrient malnutrition).

18. Malnutrition • Lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right things, or being unable to use the food that one does eat. • Malnutrition includes undernutrition and overnutrition as well as micronutrient deficiencies.

19. Stunting: the child remains too small for his age • (chronic undernutrition) – height-for-age indicator (HFA)

20. Wasting: the weight of the child is too low compared with his height (acute undernutrition) – weight-for-height indicator (WFH) Stuntedandwasted

21. Double burdenofmalnutition Source: Community nutrition: a handbookforhealthanddevelopmentworkers. Macmillan 2009.

22. Hidden hunger “...a chronic lack of vitamins and minerals that often has no visible warning signs, so that people who suffer from it may not even be aware of it. • Hidden hunger can lead to mental impairment, poor health and productivity, or even death.” • Majority of burden among women and children in low and middle income countries Yet 2 billion people suffer from hidden hunger

23. 5000 Cereal yields by region, 1960-2005 4500 Malnutrition means not enough calories… 4000 East Asia 3500 Latin America 3000 2500 kg per hectare 2000 South Asia 1500 1000 Sub-Saharan Africa 500 World Bank World Development Indicators 0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Source: MilleniumEcosystemAssessment

24. … and a lack of micronutrients. Fruit & veg consumption Modified after: Msangi and Rosegrant 2011. Feeding the Future’s Changing Diets.

25. Daily nutrient requirement  Adult female, 31-50 years old, not pregnant or lactating, sedentary lifestyle  31 nutrients to be covered Source: Worms, P. World AgroforestryCentre

27. or 50 g cassava leaves or 70 g moringa leaves or 9 g red palm oil or 90 g butternut or 125 g mango (orange) or 20 g guava or 20 g baobab pulp or 30 g moringa leaves or 80 g mango or 60 g sesame seeds or 70 g Grewiatenaxfruits Source: Worms, P. World AgroforestryCentre

28. Can wesecurefoodfor 9 billpeopleuntil 2050 byincreasingfoodproduction?

29. Mind vulnerable groups In 1,000 days, you can change the future The 1000-days windowofopportunity: By focusing on improving nutrition for mothers and children in the 1,000 day window, we can help ensure a child can live a healthy and productive life. Investing in better nutrition in the 1,000 day window can also help families, communities and countries break the cycle of poverty.

30. Interrupt the cycle of malnutrition in 1,000 days intervetions

31. The 1000-days windowofopportunity • Evidence shows that the right nutrition during the 1,000 day window can: • save more than one million lives each year; • significantly reduce the human and economic burden of diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria and HIV/AIDS; • reduce the risk for developing various non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, and other chronic conditions later in life; • improve an individual’s educational achievement and earning potential; and, • increase a country’s GDP by at least 2-3 percent annually. • As a result, leading scientists, economists and health experts agree that improving nutrition during the critical 1,000 day window is one of the best investments we can make to achieve lasting progress in global health and development. • (www.thousanddays.org)

32. Mindfoodsafetyandriscmanagement: Chemical hazards in drinking-water – e. g. glyphosate • World’s Number 1 Herbicide Glyphosate • Discovered in U.S. Mothers’ Breast Milk

33. A littleriddleatthe end: Whathavethethreecultrues in common? Roman Empire Easter Island Mesopotamia

34. Global Hunger Index 2012 by IFPRI, Concern Worldwide and Welthungerhilfe

35. Further material: Not partofthepresentation ….