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Kelp Forest Zonation

Kelp Forest Zonation. Canopy. Understory. Inshore (Z1). Kelp Canopy (Z2). Algal Turf. Offshore (Z3). Phyllospadix. Egregia. Macrocystis. Nereocystis. Laminaria. A. Canopy Assemblages (isopods, tubeworms, hydrozoans and bryozoans).

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Kelp Forest Zonation

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  1. Kelp Forest Zonation Canopy Understory Inshore (Z1) Kelp Canopy (Z2) Algal Turf Offshore (Z3)

  2. Phyllospadix Egregia Macrocystis Nereocystis Laminaria

  3. A. Canopy Assemblages (isopods, tubeworms, hydrozoans and bryozoans) B. Planktonic Assemblages (jellyfish, fish larvae, diatoms, and crustaceans). C. Holdfast Assemblages (sea urchins, crustaceans, brittle stars, and sea anemones) D. Horizontal Substrate Assemblages (urchins, sea stars, algae, tunicates, and bottom fish). E. Vertical Wall Assemblages (coralline algae, anemones, cup corals, sponges, and bryozoans)

  4. Canopy Plankton Holdfast Community

  5. Vertical Wall Horizontal Surface

  6. Ecological Relationships in Kelp Forests Kelp Orca Sea Otter Urchins

  7. Ecological Relationships in Kelp Forests - Aleutian Archipelago Adak Island

  8. Ecological Relationships in Kelp Forests - Aleutian Archipelago Otter # 1997 1972

  9. Ecological Relationships in Kelp Forests - Aleutian Archipelago Otter # Urchin Biomass 1997 1972

  10. Ecological Relationships in Kelp Forests - Aleutian Archipelago Otter # Urchin Biomass Grazing Intensity 1997 1972

  11. Ecological Relationships in Kelp Forests - Aleutian Archipelago Otter # Urchin Biomass Grazing Intensity Kelp Density 1997 1972

  12. Mortality of Kelp - Effect of El Niño event Recovery of community (Ebeling et al., 1985) Original situation - Macrocystis canopy, understory kelp (Pterygophora) - urchins S. purpuratus & S. franciscanus feed in crevices on drift kelp Destroyed kelp (Macrocystis) canopy but left understory kelp Storm 1 Reduction in drift kelp used by urchins Urchins forage in open on understory kelp Kelp settlement and mature forest (1 year) Urchins destroy remaining kelp Storm 2 Kills urchins and left bare rock

  13. Mortality of Kelp - Effect of El Niño event Other El Niño Effects -rip up holdfasts  no vegetative growth -high water temperature  retards growth -reduction in nitrogen  retards growth

  14. General Model for Maintenance of Barrens and Kelp areas BARRENS KELP Low drift abundance High drift abundance High grazing activity Low grazing activity Low algal recruitment High algal recruitment Low standing stock of attached algae High standing stock of attached algae Severe storms Low nutrient Warm temperatures Benign storms High nutrient Low temperatures STABLE STATES

  15. General Model for Maintenance of Barrens and Kelp areas Barren Ground Kelp Forest - created by urchin grazing -abundant drift kelp -little drift kelp - urchins remain in crevices - urchins actively forage Recruitment of kelp Effect of urchins due to a change in behaviour not numbers Harold & Reed, 1985

  16. General Model for Maintenance of Barrens and Kelp areas Effect of urchins due to a change in behaviour not numbers Harold & Reed, 1985

  17. General Model for Maintenance of Barrens and Kelp areas Harold & Reed, 1985

  18. Kelp Forest Food Web (with otters) Sharks Larger fish & octopus Sea otter Larger crabs Sea stars Abalone Smaller predatory Fish and invertebrates Sea urchins Drift algae & dead animals Small herbivorous fish & invertebrates Sessile invertebrates Planktonic invertebrates Kelp and other algae Planktonic algae

  19. Kelp Forest Food Web (without otters) Sharks Larger fish & octopus Sea otter Larger crabs Sea stars Abalone Smaller predatory Fish and invertebrates Sea urchins Drift algae & dead animals Small herbivorous fish & invertebrates Sessile invertebrates Planktonic invertebrates Kelp and other algae Planktonic algae

  20. Kelp Forest Productivity 50 40 30 20 10 0 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 Producer Biomass Kg/m2 Annual Net Production Kg/m2/yr Litter Mass Kg/m2/yr Tropical Rain Forest Tropical Seasonal Forest Evergreen Forest Deciduous Forest Boreal Forest Kelp Forest

  21. Kelp Forest Productivity SUSPENSION FEEDERS Mussel Soft coral Barnacle Sea Anemone Rock Jingle Mysid DETRITIVORES Amphipod Crab PREDATORS Rock greenling Sea star Cormorant 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 Percent of Kelp Derived Carbon

  22. Next time Coral Reefs

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