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Italian & German Unification

Explore Italian & German unification through events, leaders, wars, and nationalism. Learn about Mazzini, Cavour, Garibaldi, and Zollverein.

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Italian & German Unification

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  1. Italian & German Unification Major Themes: The Uprisings of 1848 Liberalism vs. Conservatism within Revolutions Impact of Wars Shift in European Power

  2. Europe in 1831

  3. Essential Questions • 1) Why wasn’t Italy United prior to 1850? • 2) Describe Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi and their contributions to the Italian unification movement: • 3) Explain the three basic approaches to Italian unification: • 4) What role did the Zollverein play in separating Prussia and Germany from Austria? • 5) What were the impacts of wars within the unification movements of Germany? • 6) Explain how nationalism divided the Austro-Hungarian Empire:

  4. Italy (1859-1860)

  5. EQ 1. Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850? Antiquity:Roman Empire

  6. EQ 1. Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850? Middle Ages: competing city-states

  7. EQ 1. Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850? Ruled by three major nations Congress of Vienna (1815): reorganized provinces

  8. EQ 2: Describe Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi and their contributions to the Italian unification movement: EQ 3: Explain the three basic approaches to Italian unification:

  9. Rome Skyline

  10. EQ 3. 1815-1848: 3 basic approaches to unification Mazzini, writer/philosopher/politician Approach #1: Goal: • centralized democratic republic • universal male suffrage • Remember Nationalism has roots within Liberalism Advocate: Giuseppe Mazzini FAILED (too radical)

  11. EQ 3: 1815-1848: 3 basic approaches to unification Gioberti, Catholic priest Approach #2: Goal: • federation • pres. = progressive pope Advocate: Vincenzo Gioberti FAILED (Pope Pius IXopposed)

  12. EQ 3: 1815-1848: 3 basic approaches to unification Victor Emmanuel, King of Sardinia-Piedmont (1849-1861) Approach #3: Goal: • union under leadership of Sardinia-Piedmont Advocate: ??? WINNER!!!

  13. 3. Key Events Early 1860: unification of N Italy Late 1860: unification of N & S 1866: Venice added 1870: Rome added

  14. EQ 2: The Soul: Mazzini (1805-1872) The Idealist Patriot The Duties of Man: “O my brothers, love your Country! Our country is our Home, the house that God has given us, placing therein a numerous family that loves us, and whom we love…”

  15. EQ 2: The Brains: Cavour (1810-1861), A New Type of Nationalist Noble Statesman in Sardinian Government, 1850-1861 Unification of Northern Italy • 1850s: strengthen The Kingdom of Sardinia • 1858-1859: Quest to get Lombardy-Venetia from Austria! • ally w/ France • Get Austria into war • Franco-Sardinian victory! • France pulls support … separate peace w/ Austria: Italy gets Lombardy only • Cavour resigns

  16. EQ 2: The Brains: Cavour (1810-1861) Unification of Northern Italy • 1858-1859: Central Italy to the rescue – demand unification! • 1860: • Cavour returns & France re-pledges support • N. Italy unified (w/o Venetia)

  17. Unification of North & South Red Shirts 1860: conquer Sicily plan to invade Papal States  stopped by Cavour Piedmont moves South to stop Garibaldi and in the process conquered more than united Italy. EQ 2: The Sword: Garibaldi (1807-1882) Military Leader

  18. EQ 3: What did the new, unified Italy look like? Government: Divisions between: • parliamentary monarchy (Victor Emmanuel) • limited suffrage • “Transformismo” • social classes (rich/poor) • regions (N/S) • The Romantic movement of Mazzini and Garibaldi vs. the Machiavellian one of Cavour

  19. Italian Unification Essential Question 2 Essential Question 3 • EQ 2: Describe Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi and their contributions to the Italian unification movement: • EQ 3: Explain the three basic approaches to Italian unification:

  20. Germany (1871) EQ 4: What role did the Zollverein play in separating Prussia and Germany from Austria? EQ 5: What were the impacts of wars within the unification movements of Germany?

  21. Germany before Germany: Holy Roman Empire loose affiliation of ≈300 German states 800-1806 “First Reich”

  22. Blame Napoleon: German Confederation loose affiliation of 39 German states 1815-1866 replaced HRE purpose: military defense ineffective federal diet met at Frankfurt under Austrian pres.

  23. What to do with Austria? • Two major debates within the German Confederation: • 1st “Grossdeutsche” – Liberal movement to unify Germany under Austria • 2nd “Kleindeutsche” – Smaller unified body that excluded Austria and was led by Prussia Government EQ 5: What were the impacts of wars within the unification movements of Germany?

  24. Major Concept -- Zollverein German customs union founded in 1834 to ↑ economy Prussia = leader included all German states but Austria b/c Austria did not want to ↓ tariffs

  25. People: Frederick William IV • King of Prussia (r. 1840-1861) • 1848: • new liberal constitution • accepts Prussian-led German unification • 1849: tries to be elected emperor of unified Germany • 1850: Austria & Russia successfully oppose Prussia’s unification plans • Judged insane in 1858

  26. People: William I King of Prussia (r. 1861-1888) 1st German Emperor (r. 1871-1888) First goal was to strengthen the Prussian military and he used O.V.B. to do that.

  27. People: Otto von Bismarck “Realpolitik” 1st German Chancellor (1871-1890) … “Iron Chancellor” Minister-President of Prussia (1862-1873) background: Prussian, Junker (Nobel), conservative led German unification

  28. 4. Obstacles to German Unification Denmark Austria Conservatism vs. Liberalism in Prussia

  29. 1st unification attempt: 1848 Revolution • Driving forces: • Liberalism: make absolutist Prussia a liberal constitutional monarchy • Nationalism: unite Germany • Events: • Constituent Assembly (Berlin) – liberal constitution for Prussia • National Assembly (Frankfurt) – constitution for unified Germany • Outcome: FAILURE!!!! • Fred Will IV makes conservative constitution for Prussia • Austria opposes unification

  30. Locations that Matter: Schleswig-Holstein • Schleswig-Holstein: • mostly German • Holstein = member of German Confederation • ruled by Denmark • 1848 & 1864: WARS! Denmark vs. Germany over control of S-H • However, this led to issues between Prussia and Austria

  31. 1848 and 1864 Wars with Denmark • Denmark vs. Prussia & Austria over control of S-H • First Schleswig War (1848) = inconclusive • How obstacle overcome: Second Schleswig War (1864) = Denmark defeated

  32. Issue 2: Austria • Austria vs. Prussia over control of German affairs • Austria opposes Prussia’s 1848 unification attempt • Austria refuses Zollverein membership • Austro-Prussian War (1866) • How obstacle overcome: Prussian victory in Austro-Prussian War

  33. Issue 3: Liberalism vs. Conservatism in Prussia Two House Parliament – “Bundesrat” and “Reichstag” Liberals: Prussian parliament Conservatives: William I & Bismarck Events: 1862: parliament rejects William’s budget 1862: William appoints Bismarck chief minister 1862-1866: Bismarck rules w/o parliament (“blood & iron”) 1866: indemnity bill How obstacle overcome: liberals & Bismarck align in common pursuit of unification

  34. Cause: Prussia wants to control northern German Confederation war to drive Austria out of German affairs Outcome: Prussian victory Austria withdraws ***creation of North German Confederation*** 2nd Attempt at Unification: Austro-Prussian War (1866) North German Confederation

  35. Cause: The Ems Telegram drive south German states to unify with the north France = common enemy Outcome: Prussian victory ***German unification achieved***  German nationalism harsh peace for France (Alsace and Lorraine annexed) Final Unification: Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) German Empire / “Second Reich” (1871-1918)

  36. What did the new, unified Germany look like? • Liberalism on the Continent now had a strong nation at its head • The Third Reich (1871 to 1918) • 25 states • parliamentary monarchy • strong national government: • emperor (Kaiser) • chancellor • 2-house parliament • Reichstag = lower house (universal male suffrage)

  37. German Essential Questions • 4) What role did the Zollverein play in separating Prussia and Germany from Austria? • 5) What were the impacts of wars within the unification movements of Germany? • 6) Explain how nationalism divided the Austro-Hungarian Empire:

  38. Europe in 1871

  39. Lasting Impacts of the Unification movements 1831 1871

  40. Essential Questions • 1) Why wasn’t Italy United prior to 1850? • 2) Describe Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi and their contributions to the Italian unification movement: • 3) Explain the three basic approaches to Italian unification: • 4) What role did the Zollverein play in separating Prussia and Germany from Austria? • 5) What were the impacts of wars within the unification movements of Germany? • 6) Explain how nationalism divided the Austro-Hungarian Empire:

  41. Exit Pass: 1) Answer one of the essential questions on the flash card:2) Tell me the EQ you feel the weakest about and why: • 1) Why wasn’t Italy United prior to 1850? • 2) Describe Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi and their contributions to the Italian unification movement: • 3) Explain the three basic approaches to Italian unification: • 4) What role did the Zollverein play in separating Prussia and Germany from Austria? • 5) What were the impacts of wars within the unification movements of Germany? • 6) Explain how nationalism divided the Austro-Hungarian Empire:

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