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Chapter 14

Chapter 14 . From Compromise to Secession: 1850-1861. 14.1 THE COMPROMISE OF 1850. By: Lindsey Gulla & Dardan Hajrizi. BR: Who was Margaret Garner?. Focus Questions. The Compromise of 1850 The Collapse of the Second Party System, 1853-1856 The Crisis of the Union, 1853-1856

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Chapter 14

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  1. Chapter 14 From Compromise to Secession: 1850-1861

  2. 14.1 THE COMPROMISE OF 1850 By: Lindsey Gulla & Dardan Hajrizi

  3. BR: Who was Margaret Garner?

  4. Focus Questions • The Compromise of 1850 • The Collapse of the Second Party System, 1853-1856 • The Crisis of the Union, 1853-1856 • The Crisis of the Union, 1857-1860 • The Collapse of the Union, 1860-1861

  5. The Compromise of 1850 • Free soiler wanted Congress to prohibit slavery in new territories • MO Compromise line: 36’30 to the Pacific: slaves in N. Mex & S. CA • Popular sovereignty: let the states decided; pleased neither free soiler nor proslavery advocates • Crisis:UT & CA sought free slave admission while slaved TX claimed ½ (eastern) of N Mex where already abolished • Northerners attacked slavery in DC; southerners complained about lax enforcement of the fugitive slave act of 1793

  6. The Compromise of 1850: Z. Taylor at the Helm • Became pres. 1848 (ended of Mex War); also a slaveholder • Rejected Calhoun’s idea that extension of slavery in the West will protect the institution • Encouraged CA & New Mex to apply as free state w/ position of popular sovereignty • This plan angered both the free soilers and southerners (Calhoun)

  7. The Compromise of 1850: H. Clay • Trio: Clay, Calhoun, Webster = distinguished senators • Clay as conciliator over MO issue in 1820 and nullification crisis in early 1830s: warned S. against secession & N. that slavery’s spread will be limited naturally; “omnibus” measures • Calhoun: complained tariffs enriched the N & MO Comp. exclude slaveholders fr. N. of LA Purchase lead to imbalance • D. Webster: speaking as “an American”

  8. The Compromise of 1850: Millard Fillmore • Taylor overate & died of gastroenteritis in1850 • M. Fillmore became pres. & D. Webster his secretary of state • Democrat Stephen Douglas pushed to get each individual components of Clay’s omnibus measures approved

  9. The Compromise of 1850: Clay’s Omnibus bill (pushed by S. Douglas) • CA statehood • Territorial status for N Mex and Utah • Allowing popular sovereignty • Resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundary disagreement • Federal assumption of TX’s debt • Abolition of slave trade in DC • New fugitive slave law

  10. The Compromise of 1850: assessment • N. & S. both gained & lost • The S. split over pro- & anti- compromise & talked of secession

  11. The Compromise of 1850: Enforcement of Fugitive Slave Act Distasteful to northerners and anger moderate • Denied alleged fugitives the right of trial by jury • Can’t testify on their own behalf • Permitted return on testimony of claimant alone • Enable court-appointed commissioners to collect $10 if they ruled for slaveholders, $5 for the fugitive The north became hunting ground; nationwide issue rather than just peculiar institution of the South

  12. The Compromise of 1850:Anthony Burns and Margaret Garner Pres. Franklin Pierce sent federal troops to enforce fugitive law by escorting Burns to harbor: 50 Th people lined the street to watch w/ anger Margaret slit her daughter’s throat & tried to kill other children instead of watching them go to slavery

  13. The Compromise of 1950: Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe • Novel increased N. sympathy for fugitive slaves • Portrayed evil of institution despite good intention & how family life was torn • 300Th copies sold in 1852, 1.2M by 1853 • The play turned indifferent working class to be enraged against slavery • IT changed northern attitude toward slavery

  14. The Compromise of 1850: Election of 1852 • Fugitive Slave Act fragmented the Whig party • Whig nominated Winfield Scott • Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce: winner • Won both electoral and popular vote in both N. & S., didn’t happen again until FDR in 1932

  15. The Collapse of the Second Party System, 1853-1856 • Whig party disintergrated w/in first 4 yrs. Of Pierce presidency • American (Know-Nothing) party and the Republican party • Republican: sectional (N)

  16. The Collapse of the 2nd Party system, 1853-1856: Kansas-Nebraska Act • ’54 Pierce signed Kansas-Nebraska Act to organize ter. into states • Conflict: • Which city as starting point: Chicago, N. Orleans, or Memphis? • Nebraska w/in LA purchase & N. of the MO Com line 36’30 (free) so the S. doesn’t like • Stephen Douglas modified act: split into 2 ter. (Nebraska & Kansas) • Ignore MO Compromise by pop. sovereignty

  17. The Collapse of the 2nd Party system, 1853-1856: Surge of Free Soil Support for free soil united northerners • Some on moral ground, others on racism( no blacks on soil) • All agreed: slavery hindered whites’ progress (slaves v. free laborer) • Accused S. of spreading slavery to the North by ignoring the MO Comp. • “labor loses its dignity, religion finds no churches, and the whole land of slavery is impoverished”

  18. The Collapse of the 2nd Party system: Manifest Destiny • Kansas-Nebraska act hinders Manifest destiny: harder to approve bills for new ter. • Cuba as example: John Quitman planned a filibuster (unofficial military expedition) to take Cuba fr. Spain but quit due to N. opposition • US ambassadors to Br, Fr, & Sp (2 fr. S) issued unofficial Ostend Manifesto to acquire Cuba by any means, but Pierce rejected due to storm over Kan-Neb Act.

  19. The Collapse of the 2nd Party system: Manifest Destiny continues • Still desired to expand into the Carribean • 1853-60, William Walker led fillibustering expeditions into Central Amer. • Nicaragua: reinstituted slavery; wanted it to be US colony • Some Southerners (LA) didn’t support acquisition of Cuba due to sugar competition • Worried N.

  20. The Collapse of the 2nd Party system: Whigs disintegrated 1854-1855 • Kan-Neb Act destroyed the Whig Party • Whigs blamed Democrats for K-N Act & recruited free-soil Democrats, who blamed Southern Whigs for supporting Douglas • Also, northen Whigs divided between antislavery “Conscience” Whigs (William Seward) and conservative Whigs (Ex Pres. Millard Fillmore) • Fillmore advocates strict adherence to Comp of 1850

  21. The Collapse of the 2nd Party system: Know-Nothings, ’53-56 • Rise: secretive nativist organization: the Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, ’50 • Members’ standard response “I know nothing” • Responded to unprecedented immigration • Sought to rid immigrants & Catholic influence • Pressured existing parties to nominate and appoint only native-born Protestants to office • Wanted extension of naturalization period before immigrants could vote • Used to vote Whigs but changed to Know-Nothing due to Winfield Scott who courted Dem Catholics

  22. The Collapse of the 2nd Party system: Know-Nothings, ’53-56 • Power: ’54 captured governorship, all congressional seats, & almost all seats in the state legislature in MASS • vulnerable to sectionalism over slavery • Strong in N, but had southern wing of former Whigs who hated antislavery northerners & southern Democrats • ’55 accepted K-N act as platform: blurred the attraction of Know-Nothing & to those northern voters who were more antislavery than anti-Catholic • A Lincoln: criticized them “All men are created equal, except Negroes & foreigners & Catholics” • Republican party emerged

  23. The Collapse of the 2nd Party system: Republican Party & crisis in Kansas, ’55-56 • Born in aftermath of K-N Act & became main opposition to the Democratic party • Won pres. Election fr. ’60 to ’80 • United by the K-N Act: conservatives (restore MO Comp), former Liberty party abolitionist; & free soilers • Used to compete w/ Know-Nothing for same voters; found a way to make voters worry more about slave power than rum or Catholics

  24. The Collapse of the 2nd Party system: Republican Party & crisis in Kansas, ’55-56 • Boston’s NE Emigrant Aid Co. sent antislavery settler to Kansas • Bulk of settlers in Kansas fr. MO “I kem to Kansas to live in a free state… and I don’t want niggers a-tramping’over my grave” • Bleeding Kansas: battleground for pro & anti slavery settlers • Lecompton, Kansas: Proslavery forced stole election by illegal votes & w/ revolvers to silence judges: mistake • Then threw out anti-slaver legislators & passed outrageous acts

  25. The Collapse of the 2nd Party system: Republican Party & crisis in Kansas, ’55-56 • Reaction to Lecompt: Topeka Kansas organized a rival gov’t • Then, Lecompt sent a dispatch to Lawrence (free staters who adhered minister Henry Ward Beecher’s words “riffles would do more than Bible to enforce morality in Kansas”) • Dispatchers w/ arms and dubbed their guns as Beecher’s Bibles to destroy 2 printing press • The John Brown got mad: God now beckoned him “to break the jaws of the wicked”

  26. The Collapse of the 2nd Party system: john Brown ’55-56 • Brown led 7 men, including 4 sons & son-in-law near Lawrence in Pottawatomie Creek to attacke 5 men assocaited w/ Lecompten gov’t • Shot one, hacked one into pieces, • Pres. Admin. Recognized only the Lecompton gov’t as pop. Sovereignty failed in Kansas: awkward for N. Democrats

  27. The Collapse of the 2nd Party system: john Brown ’55-56 • The day before the sack of Lawrence, Republican Sen. Charles Sumner of Mass delivered an angry speech criticizing most of the US senate for complicity in slavery, particularly Senator Andrew Butler of SC • For his choice of “the harlot, slavery” as his mistress and for the “loose expectoratoin” of his speech (Butler’s drool) • 2 days later, Butler’s relative named Preston Brooks (Democratic Rep.) found Sumner at his desk & struck him repeatedly with a cane • Broke after 6 strike, Brooks became a hero in the S

  28. The Collapse of the 2nd Party system: Republican Party 55-56 • Bleeding Kansas & Bleeding Sumner united the N. • Republicans sidestepped moral issue of slavery & portrayed S. as arrogant aristocrats: SLAVEOCRACY • Called southerners: “the pukes” “Misouri savages”

  29. The Collapse of the 2nd Party system: Election of 1856 • Rep. John C. Fremont, the “pathfinder” as role in the seize of CA during the Mex War • Congressional prohibition of slavery • Know-N. chose ex. Pres. Millard Fillmore • Called for moderation in the face of sectionalism • Democrats dumped Pierce for James Buchanan (PA): • Congressional non-interference • Quickly became 2 races: Buchanan won • Fremont v. Buchanan () in free states • Fillmore v. Buchanan in slave states

  30. The Collapse of the 2nd Party system: Election’s 3 conclusions • American Party (know-nothing) died: joined other parties including Republican • Republican party rose (almost got presidency) from sectional to national one. • Democrats united behind moderate James Buchanan

  31. Buchanan, Dred Scott

  32. The Crisis of the Union, 1857-1860 • Buchanan’s admin: Dred Scott decision, proslavery Lecompton constitution, J. Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry, secession • So much for running on moderation: one of the most controversies-ridden admin

  33. The Crisis of the Union: Dred Scott case, 1857 • Dred Scott v. Sanford decision 2 days before inauguration • In ’30s Scott’s master took him fr. MO to IL, then enslaved again in MO • Scott sued for freedom on ground of having lived in free state • Roger B. Taney (appointed by Jackson), succeeded J Marshall = chief justice

  34. The Crisis of the Union: Dred Scott, Taney’s ruling • Slave could not sue for his freedom • NO black, whether a slave or a free person descended from a slave, could become a citizen • Even if Scott had been legal plaintif, his residence in free terr did not make him free because the MO Comp was unconstitutional as it violated the 5th Amendment’s protection of property

  35. The Crisis of the Union: Dred Scott, Reaction to Taney • The Republicans cried “We are now one great homogenous slaveholding community” • Antislave press flayed as “willful perversion” • Called it fiendish Slave Power conspiracy (5 out of 6 justices fr. Slave states)

  36. The Crisis of the Union: The Lecompton Constitution, 1857 • Buchanan’s dilema: • For pop. Sovereignty but Lecompt gov’t was fraudulent; Kansas constitution drawn by only 10% of eligible voters • But he got 112 of 174 electoral votes fr. the South in ’56; saw the need to expedite admission of Kansas by its constitution • He endorsed the constitution,

  37. The Crisis of the Union: The Lecompton Constitution, 1857 • Buchanan endorsed the constitution, but attacked by S. Douglas due to constitution protect existing slavery by just allowing more slaves or not. • Led to 2nd convention’s election & constitution was defeated, but Buchanan ignored it by submitting plan • Deadlock in the House led to 3rd referendum: accept or reject the entire constitution. They rejected it!! • Douglas became hero to the N democrats & even some Republicans

  38. The Crisis of the Union: The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858 • S. Douglas v. A Lincoln for Senate seat • Lincoln: tall 6’4 “piece of floating driftwood” called himself:appose K-N act &Mex War • Energy, ambition, self-educated • Fr. Log cabin in KT to politition • Farm laborer, surveyor, rail-splitter, flatboatman • Got westerner’s support for internal improvements to gain election to Congress in 1846 as a Whig; joined the Republican in ’56 • “House Divide” speech: This nation cannot permanently exist half slave & half free”

  39. The Crisis of the Union: The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858 • Democrat S. Douglas: a footer shorter than Lincoln • Compact frame, fr. NE, supported by IL’s small farmers whose origin fr. the South • Architect of the infamous K-N act • Embraced pop sovereignty • More concerned w/ white expansion, not slavery • Both he & Lincoln wanted slavery out of white’s paths

  40. The Crisis of the Union: The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858 • Douglas’ tactic: accused L of abolitionist & advocate of racial equality (racist IL voters) • L responded “I am not, nor ever have been in the favor of bringing about the social & political equality of the white, and black man” • L asked how D can reconcile sovereignty w/ Dred Scott decision (at Freeport) • Congress has no power to exclude slavery from a terr, then that means the territorial legislature created by Congress can’t either • D replied: voters could exclude slavery by simply refusing to enact laws that protect slave property

  41. The Crisis of the Union: The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858 • Southerners resented D for aposing the Lecompton constitution • S prefer certainty of Dred Scott ruling over uncertainty of pop sovereignty • Lincoln’s tactic: attacks slavery as “a moral, social, and political evil” • L argued that D’s view of slavery only as an eccentric custom, which would dull conscience & facilitate slavery everywhere • L rejected abolition & equality for blacks

  42. The Crisis of the Union: The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858 RESULT • * (p.425) Republican L won, only slightly • Confirmed sectional split: L hero of the N & a villain in the South

  43. The Crisis of the Union: Legacy of Harpers Ferry • S sees free soil & abolition as unholy alliance against slavery; N as controlled by demented leaders bent on civil war • Defender of slavery equated abolitionist doctrines as “Socialists, of Free Love and Free Lands, Free Churches, Free Women and Free Negroes- of NO Marrigae, No-Religion, No-Private Property, No Law and No-Gov’t” • This perception reinforced by Harpers Ferry raid & northern admired Brown as martyr

  44. The Crisis of the Union: Legacy of Harpers Ferry • Brown’s raid increase S.’s fear of slave insurrection • Had vigilantes to fight conspiracies (in their mind) • Thousands of slaves rounded up, some were tortured into making things up & then to be lynched • Directed blame on Republican for raid

  45. The Crisis of the Union: The South contemplates Secession • Talk of secession more as an outrage rather than a practical tactic w/ clear goals • Some S. said sucession will make easier to acquire land in the Carribeans, but other S disagreed • S believed that the N. treat S as inferior

  46. The Collapse of the Union 1860-61: Election of 1860 • Buchanan declined reelection • Economic slump due to Panic of 1857 brought economic concerns to the front • To woe NE, PA, & IL, Republican platform • Protective tariff (PA likes) • Fed. aid for internal improvement Granting settlers (even immigrants, non-citizen) free 160 acre homestead (Midwest likes last 2))

  47. The Collapse of the Union 1860-61: Election of 1860 • Republican chose Lincoln instead of Seward, whose “irrepressible conflict” & “higher law” are too radical • L affirmed that Congress had no const’l right to interfere w/ slavery in the S. & explicitly rejected “higher Law” doctrine • Democrats had their own sectional difference to bridge: walk outs during conventions in Charleston & Baltimore • Divided Democrats had 2: Douglas & John C. Breckinridge • Constitutional Union Party sent John Bell • Took no stance of issue of slavery extension

  48. The Collapse of the Union 1860-61: Election of 1860 • Lincoln (winner of majority of electoral votes): Demanded Congress to prohibit extension • Brenkinage: Congress must protect slavery in any terr. That contains it. • Douglas: committed to pop sovereignty • Bell: moderate

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