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THE REVISED CONFLICT TACTICS SCALES CTS2

THE REVISED CONFLICT TACTICS SCALES CTS2. 1. VARIABLES MEASURED 2. HISTORY OF THE CTS 3. THEORETICAL BASIS 4. MEASUREMENT STRATEGY 5. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY 6. USES OF THE CTS 7. CRITICISMS OF THE CTS  9. MODE OF ADMINISTRATION 10 SCORING OPTIONS AND NORMS

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THE REVISED CONFLICT TACTICS SCALES CTS2

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  1. THE REVISED CONFLICT TACTICS SCALES CTS2

  2. 1. VARIABLES MEASURED 2. HISTORY OF THE CTS 3. THEORETICAL BASIS 4. MEASUREMENT STRATEGY 5. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY 6. USES OF THE CTS 7. CRITICISMS OF THE CTS  9. MODE OF ADMINISTRATION 10 SCORING OPTIONS AND NORMS 11 HOW TO LOCATE RESEARCH ON THE CTS

  3. 1. VARIABLES MEASURED BY THE CTS CTS2 5 MINUTES FOR 3 CORE SCALES 10-15 MINUES FOR ALL 5 FOR SELF AND PARTNER ·NEGOTIATION ·PSYCHOLOGICAL AGGRESSION ·PHYSICAL ASSAULT ·SUPPLEMENTAL SCALES AND QUESTIONS INJURY SEXUAL COERCION CTSPC 6-8 MINUTES FOR CORE SCALES 10-12 MINUTES WITH SUPPLIMENTAL SCALES ·NON-VIOLENT DISCIPLINE ·PSYCHOLOGICAL AGGRESSION ·PHYSICAL ASSAULT ·SUPPLEMENTAL SCALES AND QUESTIONS NEGLECT DISCIPLINE IN PAST WEEK

  4. 2. HISTORY OF THE CTS * QUALITATIVE EXPLORATION (1970-71) ACTS, VOCABULARY, MEANING  * FORM A (1971-72) STUDENT RESPONDENT STUDY ILLUSTRATES REPLICATION FOR SEVERAL ROLES  * FORM N 1975 NATIONAL FAMILY VIOLENCE SURVEY R 1985 NATIONAL FAMILY VIOLENCE SURVEY • MANY MODIFICATIONS BY OTHERS • REVISED CTS • CTS2, 1996 • CTSPC, 1998 • ADULT-RECALL/CHILD-REPORT VERSIONS, 1999 • SHORT FORMS 2002 (IN PROCESS) • MANY STUDIES • 300+ IN BIBLIOGRAPHY • 5+ PUBLISHED PER MONTH

  5. 3. THEORETICAL BASISCONFLICT VERSUS CONFLICT TACTICS DOES NOT MEASURE CONFLICT, EXCEPT BY INFERENCE

  6. CTS24CHILD-REPORT, ADULT-RECALLAND SIBLING VERSIONSRole-Specific Versus General Items Mother, Father, Parents Pa;rent who took care of you the most Reporting Period or year

  7. CTS1 VERSUS REVISED VERSIONSADVANTAGES OF THE CTS1 • ESTABLISHED RELIABILITY AND VALDITY • NATIONAL NORMS, • EXTENSIVE BODY OF RESEARCH FINDINGS • AT LEAST 400 PAPERS

  8. ADDVATAGES OF THE REVISED CTS • CTS2 • ·ADD ITEMS TO INCREASE RELIABILITY & VALIDITY • ·REVISE WORDING TO INCREASE CLARITY AND SPECIFICITY • ·ENTIRELY NEW NEGOTIATION SCALE REPLACES REASONING SCALE • ·ADD SUPPLIMENTAL SCALES • INJURY • SEXUAL COERCION • ·BETTER DIFFERENTIAT MINOR & SEVERE SUBSCALES * FOR MALTREATMENT SCALES) * * * FOR NEGOTIATION SCALE C: COGNITIVE AND EMOTIONAL SUBSCALES • ·SIMPLIFIED FORMAT AND VOCABULARY (7TH GRADE) • ·RANDOM ORDER OF ITEMS TO REDUCE RESPONSE SET • CTSPC • ·MAKE ITEMS MORE AGE-APPROPRIATE • ·REPLACE REASONING BY NON-VIOLENT DISCIPLINE • ·SUPPLIMENTA SCALES AND QUESTIONS • ·NEGLECT • ·WEEKLY DISCIPLINE

  9. 4. MEASUREMENT STRATEGY ·BEHAVIOR ACTS VERSUS INJURIES “MALTREATMENT” VERSUS “ABUSE” DOES NOT MEASURE ATTITUDES OR MOTIVES INTENDED FOR USE WITH OTHER INSTRUMENTS ·MINOR AND SEVERE LEVELS ·MODULAR AND SYMETRICAL ·FULLY CROSSED EXPERIMENT ANALOGY (3 BY 2 BY N) ·

  10. CONCURRENT AND RETROSPECTIVE DATA CONCURRENT PRECEDING YEAR, MONTH, ETC RETROSPECTIVEADULT CHILDREN ACCOUNTS OFPARENT-TO-CHILDPARENT-TO-PARENT·REFERENT PERIOD·FREQUENCY OF OCCURANCE RESPONSE CATEGORIES·SEVERITY ORDER VERSUS RANDOM ORDER OF ITEMSINTENDED FOR USE WITH OTHER INSTRUMENTS

  11. CTSPC ITEMS AND SCALES:PREVALENCE AND CHRONICITY

  12. CTSPC

  13. CTSPC

  14. CTSPC

  15. CTSPC

  16. CTSPC

  17. CTS2 ITEMS AND SCALES:PREVALENCE AND CHRONICITY

  18. 5. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY SEE STUDIES LISTED IN PAPER CTS18 ·RELIABILITY INTERNAL CONSISTENCY TEMPORAL ·FACTOR STRUCTURE 

  19. RELIABILITY OF THE CTSPCINTERNAL CONSISTENCY (Alpha)·Physical Assault .55·Severe Assault (“Physical Abuse”) .02·Psychological Aggression scale .60·Nonviolent Discipline .70·Neglect .22 WHY THE LOW ALPHA COEFFICIENTS?Items measure rare events Extremely skewed distributions drastically lowers correlations Do not meet other assumptions such as equal varianceMultiple forms of physical abuse even more rare i.e. correlations between items inherently low

  20. INTERNAL CONSISTENCY AND TEMPORAL CONSISTENCY RELIABILITY ·ZERO RELIABILITY = ZERO VALIDITY APPLIES ONLY TO TEMPORAL CONSISTENCY (TEST-RETEST) RELIABILITY ·A SCALE WITH ZERO INTERNAL CONSISTENCY CAN HAVE HIGH VALIDITY ·TEMPORAL CONSISTENCY FOR CTS1 PARENT-CHILD VERSION .49 (McGuire & Earls,1993) .70 and .79 (Johnston, 1988) .80 (Amato, 1991). low

  21. VALIDITY HIGH DISCLOSURE RATE CONTENT VALIDITY CONCURRENT CORRELATION OF PARTNER REPORTS CORRELATION WITH OTHER INSTRUMENTS CONSTRUCT

  22. CTS RATE ISCOMPARISON OF CTS WITHGREATERNATIONAL CRIME VICTIMIZATION SURVEY 18 TIMES NATIONAL VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN SURVEY 15 TIMESCLIENTS OF COUPLE AND FAMILY THERAPY 4 TIMES NATIONAL CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT DATA SYSTEM 16 TIMESNATIONAL INCIDENCE STUDY OF CHILD ABUSE 8 TIMES

  23. WHY DOES THE CTS SECURE • MORE DISCLOSURE? • CONTEXT OF LEGITIMATION (WE ALL DO IT APPROACH)  • EXCULPATORY INTRODUCTION • HOW MANY TIMES DID YOU DO IT, NOT WHETHER DONE •  ASKS WHAT BOTH RESPONDENT AND PARTNER DID  • FAMILY PROBLEMS CONTEXT RATHER THAN SAFETY, • INJURY CRIME, OR FEAR  • FOCUS IS ON BEHAVIOR RATHER THAN OUTCOMES • SUCH AS INJURY (INJURY IS RELATIVELY RARE) • AVOIDS DISPARAGING TERMS SUCH AS ABUSE OR VIOLENCE  • ALSO MEASURES NEGOTATION AND PSYCHOLOGICAL AGGRESSION, WHCH CAN JUSTIFY HITTING (TRIED EVERYTHING) • DOES NOT DEPEND ON BEHAVIOR BEING KNOWN OR REPORTED BY OTHERS

  24. 6. USES OF THE CTS RESEARCH PREVALENCE RATES THEORETICAL RESEARCH PROGRAM OUTCOME EVALUATION RESEARCH SOCIAL CHANGE RESEARCH CLINICAL SCREENING IDENTIFY CASES PROFILE OF SCORES ON THE FIVE SCALES WITH THE PERSONAL & RELATIONSHIPS PROFILE HUGE NUMBER OF POSSIBLE RESEARCH ISSUES CASES IDENTIFICATION AND SCREENING FOR TREATMENT MATCHING OTHER USES CODING RECORDS CODING OBSERVATIONS PEER YOUR USES ???

  25. 7. CRITICISMS AND LIMITATIONS OF THE CTS PURPORTEDLY FEMINIST CRITICISMS ·RESTRICTED TO CONFLICT RELATED VIOLENCE ·IGNORES CONTEXT ·IGNORES NON-CONFLICT ASSAULTS ·DOES NOT TAKE INTO ACCOUNT SMALLER AVERAGE SIZE OF WOMEN ·DOES NOT MEASURE INJURY ·EQUATES ACTS THAT DIFFER IN SERIOUSNESS ·IGNORES WHO INITIATES THE ASSAULTS OTHER CRITICISMS OF THE CTS ·FREQUENCY RESPONSE CATEGORIES ARE UNREALISTIC ·ONE YEAR REFERENT PERIOD IS UNREALISTIC ·LIMITED SET OF VIOLENT ACTS ·CTS2: LONG IF ALL 5 SCALES ARE ASKED FOR RESPONDENT AND PARTNER AS A PARENT-CHILD MEASURE ·STILL NOT WELL SUITED TO INFANTS ) ONE YEAR REFERENT PERIOD TOO LONG FOR FREQUENT ACTS

  26. 9. MODE OF ADMINISTRATION INTERVIEW (FACE-TO-FACE & PHONE) SELF ADMINISTERED QUESTIONNAIRE TIME FOR ADMINISTRATION ·10-15 MINUTES FOR EITHER CTS2 OR CTSPC ·SHORTENING TO 3 CORE SCALES CTS2 = 7-10 MIN; CTSPC = 6-8 MIN RESPONDENTS ·CTS2 - EITHER OR BOTH PARTNERS, CHILDREN ·CTSPC - PARENTS, CHILDREN ·AGE RANGE 10 AND UP AS AN INTERVIEW ·NEW PICTURE VERSION OF CHLDREN UNDER 10 ·7TH GRADE READING LEVEL FOR QUESTIONAIRE USE ·USE WITH DIFFERENT ETHNIC AND NATIONAL GROUPS

  27. HIERARCHICAL VERSUS INTERSPERSED ITEMSCONCURRENT VERSUS RETROSPECTIVE DATA·CONCURRENT PRECEDING YEAR, MONTH, ETC· RETROSPECTIVE ADULT CHILDREN ACCOUTS OF PARENT-TO-CHILD PARENT-TO-PARENT

  28. 10. SCORING THE CTS EACH CTS SCALE CAN HAVE FOUR VERSIONS ·FREQUENCY IN PAST YEAR (OR OTHER TIME PERIOD) ·PREVALENCE IN PAST YEAR ·PREVLANCE EVER ·CHRONICITY IN PAST YEAR SUBSCALES FOR MINOR AND SEVERE CTS2: NUMBER OF VARIABLES THAT CAN BE CREATED ·5 TOTAL SCALES, EACH WITH 2 SUBSCALES = 15 SCALES ·EACH SCALE CAN HAVE FOUR VERSIONS: = 15 * 4 = 45 CTSPC: NUMBER OF VARIABLES THAT CAN BE CREATED ·3 TOTAL SCALES, PLUS 3 PHYSICAL ASSAULT SUBSCALES+ 2 SUPPLIMENTAL SCALES FOR NEGLECT AND PAST WEEK DISCIPLINE = 8 SCALES ·EACH SCALE CAN HAVE FOUR VERSIONS = 8 * 4 = 24 SEVERITY LEVEL TYPES ·NONE, MINOR ONLY, SEVERE

  29. HOW TO TAKE SEVERITY INTO ACCOUNTWAYS OF MEASURING SEVERITY·MINOR AND SEVERE BEHAVIOR ITEMS AND SCALES·FREQUENCY OR CHRONICITY SCORES·SEVERITY X FREQUENCY WEIGHT SCOREPROBLEMS SKEWNESS OVERLAP

  30. ONE SOLUTION TO SKEWNESS IS PREVALENCE MINOR, SEVER, TOTALPROBLEM: MINOR IS NOT PURE MINORBETTER SOLUTION IS SEVERITY LEVEL 0 = NONE 1 = MINOR ONLY 2 = SEVERECORRELATIONS ARE ABOUT 25% HIGHER THAN WITH PREVALENCE SCORESCAN ALSO BE USED AS NOMINAL CATEGORIES IN ANOVA AND MULTINOMIAL LOGISTIC REGRESSION

  31. WEIGHTING·FREQUENCY WEIGHT IS PART OF ABOVE·SEVERITY WEIGHTS: NOT USUALLY ADVISABLE EXCEPT FOR CLINICAL POPULATION·LENGTH OF REFERENT PERIOD WEIGHTSNOT WORTH DOINGTO COMPUTE FREQUENCY (CHRONICITY) WEIGHTS USE MIDPOINTS 3-5=4, 6-10=8, 11-20=15, 20+ = 25

  32. OTHER SCORING ISSUES SPSS SYNTAX FILE ON WEBSITE ·SEND ANSWER FORMS TO WPS ·COUPLE SCORES ARE AMBIGOUS BOTH PARTNERS OR BOTH PARENTS · USING THE NORMATIVE TABLES (HANDBOOK page 43+)

  33. COUPLE TYPES APPLIES WHEN THERE IS ONE OR MORE INSTANCES OF THE BEHAVIOR 1 = MALE PARTNER ONLY 2 = FEMALE PARTNER ONLY 3 = BOTH PARTNERS

  34. Fig. 6. Couple Symmetry Types By Sex of Respondent (All Assaults) Both Aggress Both Aggress Male Aggressor Male Aggressor Female Aggressor Female Aggressor MALE RESPONDENTS N=177 FEMALE RESPONDENTS N=376 Chi-square = 1.803, p .406 N for Male Respondents = 177 (Male Aggressor=19, Female Aggressor=28, Both Aggress=130) N for Female Respondents = 376 (Male Aggressor=35, Female Aggressor=77, Both Aggress=264) ID12 E1a

  35. NORMS AND CLINICAL INTERPRETATIONNORMS IN THE CTS HANDBOOK ARE FOR CTS1CTS2 AND CTSPC TABLES SHOWING MEANS AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS ARE CRUDE NORMSBUT CTS2 MEANS ARE BASED ON STUDENTS: 2-3 TIMES HIGHER THAN MARRIED COUPLESCLINICAL INTERPRETATION·        PHYSICAL ASSAULT, SEXUAL COERCION, AND NJURY SCALES: ANY INSTANCE]·INDIVIDUAL ITEMS SHOULD BE EXAMINED IN ADDITION TO THE SCALE SCORECTSPCONE INSTANCE OF HITTING IS NOT LEGALLY PROHBITED ANY INSTANCE OF SEVERE ASSAULT ITEM

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