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???????. ???????????????????????????.??????????????,?????????.??????????.????????????.?????(????????)??????,???????????????(??????)???????????????,?????. 2. ?????. fMRI ??????????????????????.????????????????????.fMRI(??????????)?,??????????????????.21???????????,architecture ??????????????.??

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    1. ????? ?7?:?????????? ?? ? atsushi@si.aoyama.ac.jp 1

    2. ??????? ???????????????????????????.?????????????,?????????.??????????.????????????. ?????(????????)??????,?????????? ?????(??????)???????????????,????? 2

    3. ????? fMRI ??????????????????????. ????????????????????. fMRI(??????????)?,??????????????????. 21???????????,architecture ??????????????. ?????????????????????. 3

    4. ???????? Cell Recording:?????????????.???????????. Electroencephalogram(EEG,???):?????????????????. Event-related potential (ERP):?????????????,???????????????. Magnetoencephalogram(MEG,???):?????????????????. 4

    5. ???????? Positron Emission Tomography(PET,??????):?????????????????????????.?????????????????????,???????. Near-infrared Spectroscopy(NIRS,??????):????????????,????????????,???????????????????????????.????????????????. 5 ?????????????????????.????,??????????????????????,???????.?????????????????????.????,??????????????????????,???????.

    6. ???????? functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging(fMRI,??????????):??????????,MRI????????????,MR??????.????????????????????,??????????????,MR????????.???BOLD(blood oxygenation level dependency)?????.BOLD?????????????????,?????????. 6

    7. MRI????????????? 7

    8. ??????????? BOLD?????????????????,???MR??????????????????,????????????????. ????????,?????????(???????) ??????,???????(???????) 8

    9. ???? 9

    10. fMRI????????? ??????????????????????????????,????????????????????????. ????:????? ????????????????? ???????????(???,????????????)????????????????,???????????????. Dehaene ? (1999) ?????? 10

    11. ??????? 20 ???????? 20 ?????????????????????3??????. ??????????????????? ????,fMRI ????????????????????. ?????,3????1?????(???)???.1??????16????. 11

    12. fMRI?????? ??? ??????,??????????? ????????? ???????,?????????????.???????????(voxel)???. ???????????????,??????????????????????. ??????????? ?????????,?????????????????????????. 12

    13. ?????????? 13

    14. ???????????? 14

    15. ???????????? 15

    16. ????????????? ???????????????????????????????????.??????????????????????????. ??????????????????????????.?????????????????????????????. ????????,??????????????????????(???????????). 16

    17. ????????????? ????????????????????????????. ?????????????????. ????????????????????.??????????. ??:??????????????????. Newton???????(???????????!). 17

    18. fMRI????????? ??????????????????????????????,????????????????????????. ????:????? ????????????????? ???????????(???,????????????)????????????????,???????????????. Dehaene ? (1999) ?????? 18

    19. ????????????? Dehaene? (1999) ???.?????????,??????????????????. ????????????(???),??????????????,??????????. ??:?????,???,?? ???:????,?????,?? Dehaene, S., Spelke, E., Pinal, P., Stanescu, R., & Tsivkin, S. (1999). Sources of mathematical thinking: behavioral and brain-imaging evidence. Science, 284, 970-974. 19

    20. ???? ????????????????????. ??????,?????????????????????,????????????????????. ?????:33+14=47 (??????,??????????????????????.2???????????,????????.) ??:33+14?50(???????) 20

    21. ???? ???????,???????????????.(?????????????) ??????????????????.???????????. ?????????????.(???????????) ???????????????????.????????????. 21

    22. fMRI?? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????????????????? ????????? ????????????????????. ???????,?????,?? 22

    23. 23

    24. fMRI ?? 24

    25. fMRI ?? 25

    26. ????????? ??????,??????????????????????????????????. ?:Dehaene ?? (1999) ?????? ???????????:???????????????????.?:???????????????,????????????. fMRI ?,???????????,??????????. ?:Dehanene ??(1999) ??,?????fMRI??????????. 26

    27. ????????? ???????????,?????????????????????????. Masataka ??(2007).?????(????,CMXCIX)???????????,?????????????????????.?????????????????????????,??????????????,????(??????)???????????????. ?????,???????????????????.????????????????????????(???????,????)???????. 27

    28. 21?????????? ??????:???????????,??????????????? The question for me is, how can the human mind occur in the physical universe? We now know that the world is governed by physics. We now understand the way biology nestles comfortably within that. The issue is, how will the mind do that as well? Allen Newell, December 4, 1991 28

    29. Allen Newell 29

    30. ACT-R??:John Anderson ??? ACT-R:Cognitive architecture ??? My question leads me down to worry about the architecture. Newell ? lecture ???? A cognitive architecture is a specification of the structure of the brain at the level of abstraction that explains how it achieves the function of the mind. Anderson, J. R. (2007). How can the human mind occur in the physical universe? Oxford University Press. 30

    31. ACT-R??:John Anderson ??? ???????????????? ????????, ?????????, ????????, ????????????????????,??????????????. 31

    32. ACT-R??:John Anderson ??? ???? architecture ????,?????????????. ??,??????????????????????,???????? fMRI ? BOLD ?????.???????????. ?????????????,??????????????????,???? architecture ??????????????. 32

    33. ???? fMRI ?,?????????,????????????????????????????.?????????????????????,??????????????????????????.?????????,fMRI ????????????????????????.???????????????????????????,??????. 33

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