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6 Providential Foundations to the Reformation

6 Providential Foundations to the Reformation. 1. Changes in Philosophy in Universities 2. Sulliman the Magnificent 3. Corruption in the Catholic Church 4. Printing Press 5. The Fragmented Nature of the Holy Roman Empire 6. Collapse of the Feudal System. Providence.

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6 Providential Foundations to the Reformation

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  1. 6 Providential Foundations to the Reformation • 1. Changes in Philosophy in Universities • 2. Sulliman the Magnificent • 3. Corruption in the Catholic Church • 4. Printing Press • 5. The Fragmented Nature of the Holy Roman Empire • 6. Collapse of the Feudal System

  2. Providence • “God’s orchestrating all circumstances and events in His universe for His glory and the good of His people” Jerry Bridges • “Providence is that continuous agency of God by which He makes all the events of the physical and moral universe fulfill the original design with which He created it.” Augustus Strong

  3. Changes in Philosophy in the Universities • Platoism • (want to know what it became) • Shift in Philosophy in the Universities • Known as the Renaissance

  4. Changes in Philosophy in the Universities con’t • Platoism—Truth lies in Universals or Classifications • The earth is round • The Church has authority • Maintained the established order & discouraged questioning

  5. Changes in Philosophy in the Universities con’t • Nominalism • (want to know what its made of) • William of Ockham A Franciscan Monk who taught at Oxford 1285-1347 • Universals are not reality but only in the human mind & Universals are like “names” new

  6. Changes in Philosophy in the Universities con’t • We call it that but in reality that’s just what we call it not what it is Ex. Chair • Every so called universalism is radically individual – “Particularism” • Therefore because of nominalism the cry of the Renaissance was “back to the sources”

  7. Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-1566 • The Rise of Islam proved to be one of God’s Providential boosts to Reformation • The Ottoman Turks took over the lands of the Seljuk Turks and conquered the Byzantine Empire • In 1453 the Ottoman Empire took Constantinople after a siege of several months

  8. Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-1566 This invasion of Palestine and Greece resulted in Hebrew and Greek scholars being replanted in universities throughout Spain and Europe. • Helps to know Hebrew and Greek when all around scholars are saying “back to the sources”!

  9. Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-1566 • Question Suleiman’s general’s • 1st name was Achmed—what was his last name?

  10. The Corruption of the Roman Catholic Church (hence RCC) • Who was the 1st Pope • Luther--Boniface III 607-608 Usurped title of Universal Bishop

  11. The Corruption of the RCC • Calvin--Gregory the Great 590-606

  12. The Corruption of the RCC • Zwingli--Hildebrand or Gregory VII 1073-1085 • Established infallibility of the Pope

  13. The Corruption of the RCC • Anabaptist--Constantine • Wed (welded) the Church to the State

  14. The Corruption of the RCC • Height of Papal power culminated in Innocent III  1198-1216 • Became Pope at 37 years old • Ruled political leaders • Businesslike, and an opportunist determined to expand RCC’s power

  15. The Corruption of the RCC • Started celibacy to stop clan rule of church parishes and provinces • An example of Gregory’s power • He made King John of England (signer of the Magna Carta) submit to an interdict and excommunication for not seating the Pope’s guy as Archbishop of Canterbury

  16. The Corruption of the RCC • So Gregory was the 1st Pope and Innocent III was the height of Papal power.

  17. The Corruption of the RCC • Roland H. Bainton in his book “The Reformation of the 16th Century” sees 3 stages in the rise and fall of Papal power. • Dissemination 500-1100 AD • Domination 1200-1300 • Disintegration 1400-1500

  18. The Corruption of the RCC • During the domination stage the philosophical foundation of Catholic beliefs were produced by Thomas Aquinas and his major work Summa Thelogica • On a massive scale (smaller in size to the 1539 edition of the Institutes)

  19. The Corruption of the RCC • The Summa established the 7 Sacraments – Mary worship, the Mass, and purgatory as major doctrines of the RCC

  20. The Corruption of the RCC • At Luther’s time the RCC had some major problems • Sale of indulgences (an indulgence is a reprieve of an amount of time spent in Purgatory) • Priestly immorality –Most priests at this time had a mistress

  21. The Corruption of the RCC • Relics – things like a thorn from Christ’s crown, or a nail from the cross – these were used to solicit funds and lop off more time in Purgatory. • Absenteeism and the holding of multiple offices (to raise your income)

  22. Printing Press • Printing Press invented by Johannes Gutenberg in 1450 • Prior to the printing press all books (incunabula) were hand written

  23. Printing Press • Prior to the printing press possibly ½ million books in existence • 10 years after the printing press 3 million + • 1550 metal screw (iron) replaces the wood screw increasing longevity of the equipment

  24. Printing Press • The result is that books can now be purchased b the emerging middle class the 1st Gutenberg Bible would have cost $750 in today’s dollars. • Knowledge increases • The Renaissance flourishes

  25. The Fragmented Nature of the Holy Roman Empire • The last Roman Emperor in the West was Romulus Augustus who was disposed by the Goths in 476 • The Ostogoths (Easter Goths) settled above the Black Sea in the Ukraine Kiev • Western (Roman) civilization and law continued even though Rome ended politically

  26. The Fragmented Nature of the Holy Roman Empire • With the rise of Pope Gregory I (Gregory the Great) 590-604 Rome began to be emancipated from Byzantium and the Papal states were formed

  27. The Fragmented Nature of the Holy Roman Empire • In 800 Charlemagne was crowned emperor of the west. He claimed to restore legitimate succession from Rome • But this caused problems between the Roman Emperors and RCC

  28. The Fragmented Nature of the Holy Roman Empire • Beginning with Otto I in 962 Germany and Italy were joined together in what was called the Holy Roman Empire ended in 1806 when Francis II renounced his title. (age of Napoleon) • It was called Holy because the Pope crowned the Emperor Francis II

  29. The Fragmented Nature of the Holy Roman Empire • 1500 the Diet of Augsburg establishes Council of Regency to oversee HRE and divides the HRE into 6 regions (electors)

  30. Collapse of Feudal System • Money instead of barter • Increased travel and trade fueled the new emerging middle class the artisans • Invention of gunpowder and cannons Bureau Brothers

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