1 / 24

Chapter 5. Macromolecules

Chapter 5. Macromolecules. Macromolecules. Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids. Polymers. Long molecules built by linking chain of repeating smaller units

rania
Download Presentation

Chapter 5. Macromolecules

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 5. Macromolecules

  2. Macromolecules • Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules • macromolecules • 4 major classes of macromolecules: • carbohydrates • lipids • proteins • nucleic acids

  3. Polymers • Long molecules built by linking chain of repeating smaller units • polymers • monomers = repeated small units • covalent bonds

  4. How to build a polymer • Condensation reaction • dehydration synthesis • joins monomers by “taking” H2O out • 1 monomer provides OH • the other monomer provides H • together these form H2O • requires energy & enzymes

  5. How to break down a polymer • Hydrolysis • use H2O to break apart monomers • reverse of condensation reaction • H2O is split into H and OH • H & OH group attach where the covalent bond used to be • ex: digestion is hydrolysis

  6. Carbohydrates

  7. So what’s all this talk about carbs? Atkin’s Diet South Beach Diet

  8. Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbo - hydr - ate CH2O (CH2O)x C6H12O6 • Function: • energy u energy storage • raw materials u structural materials • Monomer: sugars • ex: sugars & starches

  9. Sugars • Most names for sugars end in -ose • Classified by number of carbons • 6C = hexose (glucose) • 5C = pentose (fructose, ribose) • 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)

  10. What functional groups? carbonyl aldehyde ketone hydroxyl

  11. Sugar structure • 5C & 6C sugars form rings in aqueous solutions • in cells! Carbons are numbered

  12. Numbered carbons C 6' C O 5' C C 4' 1' C C 3' 2'

  13. Simple & complex sugars • Monosaccharides • simple 1 monomer sugars • glucose • Disaccharides • 2 monomers • sucrose • Polysaccharides • large polymers • starch

  14. Building sugars • Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides disaccharide | glucose | glucose | maltose glycosidic linkage

  15. Building sugars • Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides disaccharide | glucose | fructose | sucrose glycosidic linkage structural isomers

  16. Polysaccharides • Polymers of sugars • costs little energy to build • easily reversible = release energy • Function: • energy storage • starch (plants) • glycogen (animals) • building materials = structure • cellulose (plants) • chitin (arthropods & fungi)

  17. Branched vs linear polysaccharides

  18. Polysaccharide diversity • Molecular structure determines function • isomers of glucose • How does structure influence function…

  19. Digesting starch vs. cellulose

  20. Cellulose • Most abundant organic compound on Earth

  21. Glycemic index • Which food will get into your blood more quickly? • apple • rice cakes • corn flakes • bagel • peanut M&M

  22. Glycemic index • Ranking of carbohydrates based on their immediate effect on blood glucose (blood sugar) levels • Carbohydrate foods that breakdown quickly during digestion have the highest glycemic indices. Their blood sugar response is fast & high.

  23. Glycemic index • Which food will get into your blood more quickly? • apple 36 • rice cakes 82 • corn flakes 84 • bagel 72 • peanut M&M 33

  24. Let’s build some Carbohydrates!

More Related