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DOES STRUCTURAL ICE CONCERN YOU?

DOES STRUCTURAL ICE CONCERN YOU?. IT SHOULD!. WE WILL DISCUSS. NASTY STATISTICS The Reg’s applicable to ICG Recognizing hazardous conditions Avoiding hazardous conditions Escaping without losing control References for more details. NASTY Facts about ICING Accidents.

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DOES STRUCTURAL ICE CONCERN YOU?

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  1. DOES STRUCTURAL ICE CONCERN YOU? IT SHOULD! SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  2. WE WILL DISCUSS • NASTY STATISTICS • The Reg’s applicable to ICG • Recognizing hazardous conditions • Avoiding hazardous conditions • Escaping without losing control • References for more details SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  3. NASTY Facts about ICING Accidents • 11% of weather accidents involve ICING • 57% of ICING accidents involved SINGLE ENGINE FIXED GEAR AIRCRAFT • 49%of Pilots involved had >1000 PIC • 25%of Pilots had >100 <500 PIC SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  4. MORE NASTY Facts… • 53% of icing accidentsoccurred in MOUNTAINOUS AREAS • 14%occurred near large bodies ofWATER • 57% of Pilots received WX Briefings and ICING CONDITIONS were indicated • 49% OF ICING ACCIDENTS resulted in FATALITIES SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  5. AT HIGHEST RISK- • EXPERIENCED PILOTS • Who received WX BRIEFINGS • Flying SINGLE ENGINE FIXED GEAR AIRCRAFT • Near MOUNTAINS or LARGE BODIES of WATER SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  6. REGULATIONMISCONCEPTIONS • FAR 91- DOES NOT SPECIFICALLY ADDRESS ICING for small aircraft • 91.517 is in Subpart F and applies only to large and turbojet powered aircraft • BEWARE- NTSB Case law SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  7. WHAT IS “KNOWN” ICE? • NTSB Case Law DEFINITION: Icing conditions are considered to exist if these conditions are forecast or reported. SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  8. “KNOWN” ICE FORECASTS • AIRMET ZULU FOR ICE • AIRMET ICE...MA CT RI NY PA NJ WV MD DE DC VA AND CSTL WTRS FROM ALB TO 140ENE ACK TO 200SE ACK TO SBY TO 50WSW BKW TO HNN TO AIR TO ERI TO ALB OCNL MOD RIME/MXD ICGICIP BTN 100 AND FL210. CONDS ENDG 19-21Z N OF AIR TO CYN TO 160ESE ACK LN. CONDS CONTG BYD 21Z THRU 03Z ELSW. • FRZLVL...020-050 NRN HLF ME. 060-100 RMNDR N OF 40W ROD-EWC-CYN-160ESE ACK LN. 100-130 S OF 40W ROD-EWC-CYN-160ESE ACK LN. SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  9. “KNOWN” ICE REPORTS • PIREPS- • AUW UA /OV 22 NE AUW /TM 2028 /FL 070 /TP C208 /SK BL /TA -2C /IC LGT CLR /RM B/L LVN • UA /OV FGT/TM 1917/FLUNKN/TP B737/TA 01 @ 100/M07 @ 180/IC LGT RIME 100-180/RM DURGC SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  10. REGULATION MISCONCEPTIONS COMBINE “KNOWN ICE” WITH: • 91.9 Manuals, placards, and markings • Placards or POH/AFM MAY state “Flight in known ice is prohibited” • 91.13 Careless & Reckless Operation • MAY applyif you get into icing trouble in an unequipped airplane SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  11. REGULATION MISCONCEPTIONS • Parts 121 AND 135 DO address icing extensively • EXCELLENT GUIDANCE BUT “OPTIONAL” FOR G.A. OPERATION SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  12. REMEMBER Aviate, Navigate, Communicate, Litigate • ATC wants you on the ground safe • Chance of paperwork or FAA Sanction is remote SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  13. STILL... • SOME PILOTS will CONTINUE to attempt to fly unprotected aircraft IFR when icing is forecast • SOME PILOTS (IFR & VFR) will continue to have inadvertent icing encounters • SOME PILOTS will DIE in icing SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  14. WE WILL EXPLORE- • ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS PROMOTING ICE • STRUCTURAL ICING CHARACTERISTICS • ESCAPE AND AVOIDANCE TECHNIQUES • HANDLING ICING EMERGENCIES SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  15. ENVIRONMENTAL • WEATHER • DROPLET SIZE • COLLECTION EFFICIENCY SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  16. WEATHER BASICS • ICE REQUIRES: • VISIBLE MOISTURE • TEMPERATURES BELOW FREEZING • VISIBLE MOISTURE CAN BE: • CLOUDS OR • PRECIPITATION SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  17. WEATHER BASICS • WARMER AIR holds more moisture than COLDER AIR • AIR is cooled by UPLIFTING (ADIABATIC COOLING) • UPLIFTING CAN BE LOCALIZED OR WIDESPREAD SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  18. WEATHER BASICS • LIQUID WATER CAN EXIST AT TEMPERATURES BELOW FREEZING (SUPER-COOLING) • +2 TO –15 dg C = HIGH PROBABILITY OF ICING • CLOUDS COLDER THAN –15 dg C ARE FREEZING (Cloud Glaciation) SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  19. DROPLETS GROW WITH: • INCREASED LIQUID WATER CONTENT (LWC) • FURTHER COOLING (CONDENSATION) • MORE TIME TO COALESCE • ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENT TO PROMOTE COALESCENCE SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  20. ICING TYPES Smallest to Largest Droplets: • RIME ICE (Small Droplets) “SNAP” • CLEAR ICE (Larger droplets) “SPLAT” SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  21. TYPES OFICE SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  22. ICING TYPES Smallest to Largest Droplets: • MIXED ICE (Rime/Clear/Rime/Clear) • SLD ICE (Supercooled Large Droplets range from just smaller than mist to FREEZING DRIZZLE / RAIN) • FREEZING PRECIPITATION SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  23. LARGER DROPLETS IN: CLOUD TOPS OLD CLOUDS BUMPY AIR “WARM” (-5 TO +2 C) CUMULUS (LIFTING) SMALLER DROPLETS IN: CLOUD BASES YOUNG CLOUDS SMOOTH AIR “COLD” (<10 C) STRATUS (FLAT) RISK INCREASES WITH DROPLET SIZE SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  24. WHERE WILL WE FIND MORE SEVERE ICING? • TOWERING Cu (above freezing level) • THUNDERSTORMS • JUST BELOW INVERSIONS** • LAKE EFFECT CUMULUS • STRONG OROGRAPHIC UPLIFTING SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  25. WHERE ARE THE WORST ICING CONDITIONS? • FREEZING DRIZZLE AND RAIN • ASSOCIATED WITH WARM / OCCLUDED FRONTS • PRECIP FALLS AS LIQUID THROUGH WARMER AIR INTO FREEZING AIR BELOW INVERSION SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  26. SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  27. SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  28. SLD PROBABILITY SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  29. COLLECTION EFFICIENCY • SMALLER RADIUS FEATURES GATHER ICE FASTER • Sharp vs. rounded leading edges • Ice itself • Horizontal / Vertical Stabilizers • Tips vs. roots • Struts • Propeller blades • Antennas • OAT Probes and Windshield Wipers SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  30. PROPELLER BLADE ICE • SHARP LEADING EDGE- MORE ICE SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  31. WING VS. TAIL,ROOT VS. TIP,CESSNA VS. MOONEY SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  32. RECOGNIZING POTENTIAL ICING CONDITIONS • ACTUAL ICING AREAS TYPICALLY LOCALIZED • ALTITUDE +/- 3000 FEET • WIDTH VARIABLE, OFTEN LESS THAN 50 MILES • Synoptic Weather (moisture & lifting) • Surface features (lakes & mountains) SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  33. WEATHER BRIEFING: • Advisories (Airmet And Sigmet Warnings) • SYNOPSIS and AREA FORECASTS • SURFACE and 500 MB CHARTS • Winds and Temperatures Aloft • Pilot Reports • A.D.D.S. Neural Network Icing Forecasts SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  34. SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  35. PRE-FLIGHT PLANNING • ROUTE & ALTITUDE VS: • Weather Briefing • Terrain • Obstruction Clearance • LARGE Bodies of “Warm” Water • Suitable Alternates • Payload And Fuel Vs. Performance SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  36. PRE-FLIGHT PLANNING • DEVELOP ESCAPE ROUTES • SELECT ALTERNATE AIRPORTS • Approaches • Runway lengths • Surrounding Terrain • RESOLVE FUEL QUANDARY • More is required when running high power • Less is desired to keep weight down SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  37. ENROUTE VIGILANCE • Watch & listen for: • Temperature Changes • Cloud Heights And Characteristics • Surface Weather Changes • Center Weather Advisories • New Pilot Reports • STRANGE NEW NOISES, HUMS, MOANS, ETC. SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  38. CHARACTERIZING ICING ACCUMULATION • TRACE- • Barely forming, not hazardous • LIGHT ICING- • Less than 1 inch accumulation per hour • Ice protection systems keep up easily • Unprotected aircraft can escape but must do so within 20 – 30 minutes SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  39. SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  40. CHARACTERIZING ICING ACCUMULATION • MODERATE ICING- 1 – 3 inches per hour, • NEED ice protection systems • DANGEROUS for unprotected aircraft SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  41. SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  42. CHARACTERIZING ICING ACCUMULATION • SEVERE ICING- • rapid buildup, • more than 3 inches per hour, (CAN EXCEED 24 INCHES PER HOUR) • ice protection systems cannot keep up, • ice forming on unprotected areas causing significant drag, • Runback causes feathers and ridges spoil lift SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  43. SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  44. SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  45. SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

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  47. EFFECT OF ICING ON PERFORMANCE • ICE MODIFIES AERODYNAMICS • INCREASES PARASITE DRAG • SERIOUSLY MODIFIES AIRFOIL • LEADS TO: • HIGHER ANGLES OF ATTACK • INCREASED STALL SPEED • AWKWARD CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  48. EFFECT OF ICING ON PERFORMANCE • ICE ACCUMULATION RESULTS IN- • REDUCED CLIMB PERFORMANCE • POTENTIAL ALTITUDE LOSS • REDUCED STALL MARGINS • SERIOUS CHANGES IN PITCH AND ROLL RESPONSE SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  49. PILOT RESPONSE TO ONSET OF ICING • INCREASE POWER- • USES MORE FUEL AND COULD EFFECT PITCH CONTROL • MAINTAIN HIGHER SPEED & LOW ANGLE OF ATTACK- • AVOID INCREASING COLLECTION AREA • AVOID SLOW AIRSPEED STEEP ANGLE CLIMBS • AVOID APPROACHING HIGHER STALL SPEED • DESCEND IF NEEDED TO AVOID UPSET SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

  50. RESPONSE TO CONTINUED ICING • ESCAPE! • FOLLOW PRE-PLANNED EXIT STRATEGY • CHANGE COURSE OR ALTITUDE • CLIMB IMMEDIATELY IF POWER MARGIN ALLOWS • DO 180 IF NEEDED • TURN AWAY FROM ICE PRODUCING CLOUD STRUCTURES • DESCEND TO ABOVE FREEZING ABOVE MEA/MOCA • DESCEND IF NEEDED TO MAINTAIN CONTROL SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM

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