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Border Security Policies and US-Canada Relations

Border Security Policies and US-Canada Relations. Rey Koslowski Fellow, Transatlantic Academy, Washington, DC Associate Professor of Political Science, Public Policy and Informatics University at Albany, State University of New York. Ambassador Bridge post 9/11/01. Smart Borders.

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Border Security Policies and US-Canada Relations

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  1. Border Security Policies and US-Canada Relations Rey Koslowski Fellow, Transatlantic Academy, Washington, DC Associate Professor of Political Science, Public Policy and Informatics University at Albany, State University of New York

  2. Ambassador Bridge post 9/11/01

  3. Smart Borders “The border of the future must integrate actions abroad to screen goods and people prior to their arrival in sovereign U.S. territory. Agreements with our neighbors, major trading partners, and private industry will allow extensive pre-screening of low-risk traffic, thereby allowing limited assets to focus attention on high-risk traffic. The use of advanced technology to track the movement of cargo and the entry and exit of individuals is essential to the task of managing the movement of hundreds of millions of individuals, conveyances, and vehicles” - White House, Jan. 25, 2002

  4. Scenarios for US-Canada border • No borders: lift internal border controls after erecting a common external border. • Smart borders: increase security and facilitate travel using technology and registered traveler programs • Virtual borders: automated data collection, data-mining, biometrics & RFID

  5. Presentation outline • Possibilities of “no borders” with N.A. perimeter • SBInet: physical barriers and a “virtual fence” • US-VISIT: automated biometric entry-exit • WHITI: passport to enter US • Alternatives: security through US-Canada cooperation • Proposal: identity management and global mobility

  6. No Borders • North American Security Perimeter • lifting internal border controls • common external border • Presupposes: • customs union • common visa policy

  7. Lifting border controls in the EU 1957 Treaty of Rome committed states to customs union in 12 years 1968 customs union achieved 1986 Single European Act committed EC states to end non-tariff barriers by 1992 1990 Schengen Convention harmonizes asylum and visa policies 1993 customs controls at internal borders lifted 1995 all internal border controls lifted 38 years from treaty commitment to customs union to lifting all internal border controls

  8. CUBA? Cuban Prime Minister Fidel Castro and Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau join in a singalong during Trudeau's Latin American Tour, January 1976.

  9. "I will maintain the embargo. It provides us with the leverage to present the regime with a clear choice.” Barak Obama Miami, Florida May 23, 2008

  10. Visa-free travel • To US and Canada (35 countries): • Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brunei, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, S. Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, Singapore, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Slovenia, Switzerland, United Kingdom   • Additionally to Canada (17 countries): • Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Botswana, Cyprus, Greece, Israel, Mexico, Namibia, Papua New Guinea, Poland, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Solomon Islands, Swaziland, Western Samoa; • British dependent territories: Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Montserrat, Pitcairn, St. Helena or the Turks and Caicos Islands; • Hong Kong

  11. Secure Border Initiative Network (SBInet)

  12. “Virtual Fence”

  13. US-Canadian Border - Farmed

  14. US-Canadian Border Forested

  15. Border Patrol apprehending illegal crossers

  16. While others cross elsewhere

  17. 1,349 miles of forestedborder

  18. Fingerscans at consulates & PoEs

  19. Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI) • Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 • a valid passport or • documentary proof of citizenship • beginning Jan. 1, 2008 • Delayed to June 1, 2009 • Jan. 2008: oral declaration of citizenship no longer accepted

  20. “Our ID's are the best ID Cards money can buy.  They also come with many added security options such as hologramsLearn More about Fake ID's” http://www.theidshop.com

  21. Pakistani and Polish Passports (genuine) Australian and Philippine Passports (fake)

  22. Crossing with fraudulent documents

  23. WHTI requirements: • June 1, 2009 • passport • wallet-sized passport card (PASS) • Enhanced Drivers’ License (EDL)

  24. Personal Authentication Device (PAD)

  25. PAD system in action

  26. Alternative: Binational inspections • Canadians collect data for US-VISIT • Binational zones for preclearance • European binational cooperation

  27. Workplace Enforcement

  28. Identity Management and Global Mobility(a potential research project) • UAlbany Center for Technology in Government • Identity document fraud – complex problem • Examine administrative reforms: • Birth certificate issuance process (US states) • Digitization of vital records (US States, Italy) • National identity management (UK, Australia) • US-VISIT: “biometric data” service provider • case studies, best practices • NYS agencies

  29. Conclusions • “No borders” not politically viable • “Virtual borders” constrained by infrastructure • “Smart borders” can be improved with border infrastructure and/or binational inspections • Hope for N.A. perimeter could reduce support for infrastructure budgets and taxes • Political capital not infinite; choices necessary

  30. Further reading and info: “Smart Borders, Virtual Borders or No Borders: Homeland Security Choices for the United States and Canada.” Law and Business Review of the Americas, Vol. 11, (Summer/Fall 2005). Prepared Testimony for “US-VISIT: Challenges and Strategies for Securing the U.S. Border,” Hearing before the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Homeland Security of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, January 31, 2007. Real Challenges for Virtual Borders: The Implementation of US-VISIT, Migration Policy Institute, June 2005. available at: Rey Koslowski’ webpage http://www.albany.edu/~rk289758/

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