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HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY

HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY. TWO FORMS OF RESPIRATION RESPIRATION = BREATHING BREATHING IS ?? CELLULAR RESPIRATION DEFINITION??. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY. CELLULAR RESPIRATION FORMULA?? VERY EFFICIENT ENERGY CONVESION PRODUCES ??

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HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY

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  1. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY

  2. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY • TWO FORMS OF RESPIRATION • RESPIRATION = BREATHING • BREATHING IS ?? • CELLULAR RESPIRATION • DEFINITION??

  3. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY • CELLULAR RESPIRATION • FORMULA?? • VERY EFFICIENT ENERGY CONVESION • PRODUCES ?? • WHAT IS THE MAJORITY OF ENERGY USED FOR?

  4. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY • CELLULAR RESPIRATION DISMANTLES GLUCOSE IN A SERIES OF ENERGY RELEASING STEPS, STORING THIS RELEASED ENERGY AS ATP • WHERE DOES THE ENERGY IN GLUCOSE COME FROM? • ELECTRONS TRANSFERS!! • REACTIONS INVOLVING THE TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS ARE CALLED REDOX REACTIONS

  5. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY • REDOX REACTIONS • THE MOVEMENT OF ELECTRONS FROM ONE MOLECULE TO ANOTHER

  6. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY • REDOX REACTIONS • OXIDATION VS REDUCTION • OIL RIG (OXIDATION IS LOSS; REDUCTION IS GAIN) • LEO GOES GER (LOSE ELECTRONS OXIDATION; GAIN ELECTRONS REDUCTION) • IN CELLULAR RESPIRATION NAD IS AN ELECTRON CARRIER (TAXI)

  7. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY • REDOX REACTIONS RELEASE ENERGY WHEN ELECTRONS “FALL” FROM ELECTRON CARRIER TO OXYGEN • ELECTRON CARRIERS?? • ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAINS?? • WHY ARE THESE NECESSARY?

  8. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY

  9. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY • TWO MECHANISMS GENERATE ATP • CHEMIOSMOSIS + ATP SYNTHASE • SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION

  10. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY

  11. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY • HOW DOES THE CELL UTILIZE THESE ENERGY CONVERSION MECHANISMS? • CELLULAR RESPIRATION!!

  12. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY

  13. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY • THREE MAIN STAGES • GLYCOLYSIS • KREBS CYCLE • ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (E.T.C)

  14. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY • GLYCOLYSIS • HARVESTS CHEMICAL ENERGY BY OXIDIZING GLUCOSE TO PYRUVIC ACID

  15. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY • GLYCOLYSIS • “SPLITTING OF SUGAR” • GLUCOSE IS CHANGED TO PYRUVIC ACID IN A SERIES OF 9 STEPS • WHO WANTS TO MEMORIZE ALL 9 STEPS??

  16. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY • LET’S LOOK AT THE CLIFF’S NOTES VERSION

  17. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY • MAJOR POINTS ABOUT GLYCOLYSIS • OCCURS IN THE CYTOPLASM • REQUIRES INITIAL INPUT OF ENERGY (2 ATP) TO BEGIN REACTION (IT TAKES MONEY TO MAKE MONEY) • GLUCOSE  PYRUVIC ACID • 1 6-CARBON COMPOUND  2 3-CARBON COMPOUNDS • OVERALL GLYCOLYSIS REACTION?? • PRODUCES A SMALL AMOUNT OF ENERGY, WHICH IS SUFFICIENT FOR BACTERIA, OR YEAST, TO SURVIVE, BUT NOT FOR LARGER ORGANISMS

  18. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY • WHAT HAPPENS NEXT?? • *GROOMING PHASE* • PYRUVIC ACID DIFFUSES INTO THE MITOCHONDRIA AND IS ‘GROOMED’

  19. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY • WHY DOES THE GROOMING PHASE OCCUR? • WHAT ARE THE REACTANTS? • WHAT ARE THE PRODUCTS? • WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE OVERALL?

  20. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY • KREBS CYCLE

  21. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY • KREBS CYCLE • DISASSEMBLES ACETYL-COA AND FORMS ENERGY STORING MOLECULES AND CO2 • WORKS ON EACH PYRUVATE; SINCE 2 PYRUVATES WERE MADE THE CYCLE OCCURS 2X!!

  22. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY • KREB CYCLE • ALSO CALLEDCITRIC ACID CYCLE • WHO WANTS TOMEMORIZE THIS 

  23. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY • LET’S CREATE A SIMPLER DIAGRAM…SHALL WE?? • WHAT ARE THE MAIN POINTS?? • OCCURS IN THE MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX • EACH TURN PRODUCES 1 ATP, 3 NADH, AND 1 FADH2 • OCCURS 2X (1X FOR EACH PYRUVATE MOLECULE) • RESPONSIBLE FOR PRODUCTION OF CO2 THAT WE EXHALE (WHERE DID THIS CO2 COME FROM?) • PRODUCES A LOT OF HIGH ENERGY CARRIERS, BUT NOT MUCH USEABLE ENERGY (ATP)

  24. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY • LET’S SUM UP WHAT WE HAVE SO FAR:

  25. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY • THE ENERGY IN NADH AND FADH2 MUST BE RELEASED • ENTER THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN!! • CHEMIOSMOSIS + ATP SYNTHASE!!

  26. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY • ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN • USES THE ENERGY OF THE ELECTRONS TO CREATE A PROTON (H+) GRADIENT ACROSS THE INNER MEMBRANE OF THE MITOCHONDRIA • CHEMIOSMOSIS • THE DIFFUSION OF THE H+ ION ACROSS THE INNER MEMBRANE • POWERS ATP PRODUCTION • ATP SYNTHASE • ENZYME EMBEDDED IN INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE THAT ACTUALLY MAKES THE ATP

  27. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY

  28. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY • WHY ARE CYANIDE AND CARBON MONOXIDE POISONOUS?? • BLOCK ELECTRON FLOW, SO THEY PREVENT ??

  29. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY • OXYGEN ACTS AS THE FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR!! • COMBINES WITH ELECTRONS AND H+ IONS TO FORM WATER!! • ATP SYNTHASE CAN PRODUCE ANYWHERE FROM 32-34 ATP’S PER GLUCOSE OXIDIZED!!

  30. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY

  31. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY • LET’S SUM UP OUR REACTIONS!!

  32. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY • WHAT HAPPENS IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN?? • ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN CAN’T OCCUR • KREBS CYCLE CAN’T OCCUR • GLYCOLYSIS IS THE ONLY ANAEROBIC PROCESS • BUT THERE ARE A FINITE NUMBER OF NAD+ AVAILABLE, SO WHAT DOES THAT MEAN?

  33. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY

  34. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY • WHAT IS FERMENTATION?? • DEFINITION? • TWO TYPES • ALCOHOLIC VS LACTIC ACID

  35. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY • AEROBES VS ANAEROBES? • STRICT ANAEROBES? • FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES?

  36. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY • WHERE DOES ALL THE ENERGY IN GLUCOSE COME FROM TO BEGIN WITH?? TUNE IN NEXT TIME TO FIND OUT MORE!!!!

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