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Interpreting Studies

Interpreting Studies. Evolution. Socio-professional underpinnings. -Historical background -Interpreting was considered too common to deserve special mention up to the 20 th century.

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Interpreting Studies

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  1. Interpreting Studies Evolution

  2. Socio-professional underpinnings • -Historical background • -Interpreting was considered too common to deserve special mention up to the 20th century. • -Non-training-based interpreting has been practiced in various regions and periods in history; however, it has not been associated a fixed(professional) status and ‘job definition’. • -The first major wave of professionalization took shape early in the 20th century.

  3. International conference interpreting 1 • -The Paris Peace Conference in 1919 marks a turning point: the transition from ‘chance interpreters’ to the ‘skilled professionals’. • -As the international demand was growing, new institutions for systematic training were set up. • -The first school was a college for business translators/interpreters founded in Mannheim, later transferred to the University of Heidelberg.

  4. International conference interpreting 2 • -More schools were established at Geneva and Vienna in the early 1940s. • -Simultaneous interpreting was put to the Nuremburg Trial(1945-6), subsequently adopted by United Nations. • -Fostered by an expanding professional market, national as well as international professional organizations of interpreters were set up in the early 1950s. • -AIIC was set up in 1953.

  5. Interpreting in the community 1 • -Compared to the wave of professionalization that swept conference interpreting to high international prestige after the 1950s, the professionalization of interpreting in community-based settings appears more like a pattern of ripples. • -The strongest historical roots of intra-social interpreting in courts of law. • -As late as 1978 in the US, professional interpreting standards in courts were established through Court Interpreters Act.

  6. Interpreting in the community 2 • -The significance of legal provisions governing the use of interpreters is also evident in the professionalization of American sign language interpreters. • -RID(Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf) was organized in 1965; standards of professional practice and ethics for its members were successfully set up. • -Serving immigrants rather than deaf and hearing-impaired citizens, spoken-language community interpreting was pioneered by countries such as Australia and Sweden.

  7. Interpreting in the community 3 • -Apart from legal interpreting, which is often viewed as a separate professional domain, progress in the professionalization of community interpreting has been achieved mainly in the field of healthcare. • -In the US, anti-discriminatory legislation has been used to promote the employment of skilled medical interpreters. • -Little training for interpreters working in community settings is offered at an academic level.

  8. Academization 1 • -The high status enjoyed by conference interpreters since the 1950s is largely due to a strong market and university-level training. • -In the early 1960s CIUTI(the Conference of University-level Translator and Interpreter Schools) was organized. • -Through the time from 1952 to 1968, pioneering professionals produced the first textbooks of interpreting.

  9. Academization 2 • -Throughout the 1970s and 1980s conference interpreter training programs foregrounded the professional rather than the academic dimension of higher education. • -Ever since the 1980s, there has been a trend in many institutions toward what Mackintosh calls ‘a more theory-friendly curriculum’. • -CIUTI has come to stress the dual identity of interpreter education as being both oriented towards professional practice and guided by academic research.

  10. Academization 3 • -A tension between the vocational and academic orientations of T/I schools is often felt by professionals. • -Such places like Magdeburg started offering the BA program for T/I training. • -Galluaudet University has been offering the graduate-level degree course for sign language interpreting.

  11. Breaking ground: professionals and psychologists. 1) Pioneers in Geneva and elsewhere 1 • -The Interpreter’s Handbook by Jean Herbert(the first Chief Interpreter of the UN); originally appeared in 3 languages in 1952 and was subsequently published in several languages; dedicated to Paul Mantoux(the first conference interpreter) • -Jean-Francois Rozan: a booklet on note-taking in consecutive interpreting

  12. 1) Pioneers in Geneva and elsewhere 2 • -Early authors above naturally focused on describing the conference interpreter’s task as well as the abilities and skills required. • -Interest in the abilities and skills mentioned above has been shared by many psychologists, as early as 1931, Jesus Sanz, a Spanish psychologist, published a conference paper on the work and abilities of conference interpreters.

  13. 1) Pioneers in Geneva and elsewhere 3 • -Aspects of Translation by Roger Glemet • -Eva Paneth produced a master’s thesis at the University of London • -Further profession-building publications appeared in the course of the 1960s, mainly in Europe, but also in Japan(1961). • -Van Hoof produced a comprehensive monograph on interpreting in 1962. • -DanicaSeleskovitch wrote a seminal article on conference interpreting in Babel.

  14. 2) Experimental psychologists • -Pierre Oleron, a French psychologist, was credited with the first experimental study of simultaneous interpreting.(1965) • -The first PhD theses on simultaneous interpreting was completed in 1969 by Henri C. Barik in the Department of Psychology of the University of North Carolina. • -Frieda Goldman-Eisler(British psycholinguist), Ingrid Pinter(the University of Vienna), David Gerver(Oxford University) joined this research.

  15. Laying academic foundations • Kade and the ‘Leipzig School’ -The most influential pioneer in the German-speaking area was Otto Kade. -He defended his doctoral dissertation in 1964, in which he established the conceptual and theoretical groundwork for the systematic study.

  16. 2) Chernov and the ‘Soviet School’ • -The ‘Soviet School’ of interpreting research was represented chiefly by Ghelly V. Chernov at the Maurice Thorez Institute of Foreign Languages in Moscow. • -He engaged in a research effort in cooperation with psychologist Irina Zimnyaya and conducted an experiment on the role of predictive understanding in simultaneous interpreting.

  17. 3) Seleskovitch and the ‘Paris School’ 1 • -DanicaSeleskovitch appeared as a highly prominent Western counterpart of Eastern Kade and Chernov. • -She started teaching in the late 1950s, published a seminal book in 1968, completed his doctoral thesis on note-taking in consecutive interpreting in 1973. • -At the University of Paris/Sorbonne Nouvelle, she managed to establish a doctoral program as early as 1974.

  18. 3) Seleskovitch and the ‘Paris School’ 2 • -The theoretical and methodological approach to the study of interpreting and translation established at ESIT proved fertile ground for a number of doctoral dissertations on interpreting, most notably by Karla Dejean le Feal, Mariano Garcia-Landa and Marianne Lederer, all completed in 1978. • -Only the conference interpreting issues used to be the Paris-dominated mainstream for the time being. • -Such scholars like Richard Brislin and Robert Ingram made an appeal for the other areas of interpreting like sign language interpreting, or sociological and social psychological studies of interpreters and their roles.

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