Translation Tutorial

Translation Tutorial Place your keyboard aside. Only use the mouse.

Translation ribosome ribosome Translation takes place at the ribosome and it’s the process of the ribosomes creating proteins from smaller amino acids. How did we get to the ribosome? Let’s review. ribosome

BACK Transcription Review CELL NUCEUS A process called transcription starts in the nucleus, where an enzyme called RNA polymerase splits the DNA molecule. ribosome NEXT

BACK Transcription Review CELL NUCEUS A process called transcription starts in the nucleus, where an enzyme called RNA polymerase splits the DNA molecule. Next, free floating mRNA nucleotides bond to the open DNA molecule. Once finished, the mRNA breaks away and exits the nucleus. The mRNA will then join a ribosome. Now, the process of translation will begin. AUG CCA UAU GGC UAA GCA ribosome NEXT

BACK Translation Process The ribosome will read 3 mRNA nucleotides at a time. The 3 mRNA nucleotides are called a codon. Each codon will match for the delivery of a specific amino acid. Remember that amino acids link together to create a single protein. ribosome Click to see the codons It took scientists many years of experimentation to learn which codon creates which amino acid.

BACK The Genetic Code This table is the same for almost every organism on Earth. In the chart above, click on the “AUG” codon.

BACK AUG codon Correct! Whenever an AUG codon is read by the ribosome, the amino acid called METHIONINE will be delivered to the ribosome. Notice how the chart says “start codon” below methionine? This also means that the codon AUG will activate the ribosome to start the process of making a protein. Click on the CCA codon.

BACK CCA codon Correct! Whenever a CCA codon is read by the ribosome, the amino acid called PROLINE will be delivered to the ribosome. This process will continue until a “Stop codon” is read by the ribosome. This is how the ribosome knows that a protein is finished. Click on any of the STOP CODONS.

BACK Transfer RNA Amino Acid serine Amino Acid proline Correct! Stop codons tell the ribosome to stop making a protein. So who…or what…is delivering these amino acids? In the cytoplasm, there are countless amino acids and other molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA). tRNA will pick up the proper amino acid and deliver it to the ribosome. Amino Acid methionine

BACK Watching the Process The mRNA enters the ribosome. The ribosome will begin to read the mRNA one codon at a time. Click on the amino acid that will be 1st delivered to the ribosome? Hint: Examine the Genetic Code chart on your handout to find the 1st codon. choices Now that methionine is delivered, tRNA drops off methionine and the ribosome moves to the next codon. phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Asparticacid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid methionine 1st codon ribosome

BACK Watching the Process The mRNA enters the ribosome. The ribosome will begin to read the mRNA one codon at a time. Click on the amino acid that will be 1st delivered to the ribosome? Hint: Examine the Genetic Code chart on your handout to find the 1st codon. choices Now that methionine is delivered, tRNA drops off methionine and the ribosome moves to the next codon. phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Asparticacid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid methionine ribosome

Watching the Process The mRNA enters the ribosome. The ribosome will begin to read the mRNA one codon at a time. Click on the amino acid that will be 1st delivered to the ribosome? Hint: Examine the Genetic Code chart on your handout to find the 1st codon. choices Now that methionine is delivered, tRNA drops off methionine and the ribosome moves to the next codon. phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan Click on the next amino acid to be delivered. methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Asparticacid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid methionine 2nd codon ribosome

BACK Watching the Process Correct! CCA is the codon for the amino acid proline. Transfer RNA will deliver proline to the ribosome. Again, tRNA will drop off the amino acid and exit. The ribosome will move to the next codon. choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Asparticacid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid proline Amino Acid methionine ribosome

BACK Watching the Process Click on the amino acid which will be the 3rd delivered to the ribosome. Once again, the tRNA exits and the ribosome moves down a notch. choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Asparticacid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid tyrosine Amino Acid methionine Amino Acid proline ribosome

BACK Watching the Process Click on the amino acid which will the 3rd delivered to the ribosome. Once again, the tRNA exits and the ribosome moves down a notch. choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan Click on the amino acid that will be 4th delivered. methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Asparticacid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid tyrosine Amino Acid methionine Amino Acid proline ribosome

BACK Watching the Process Now what happens? Yep… GGC is the codon for the amino acid GLYCINE. Transfer RNA will deliver glycine to the ribosome. choices DNA helix splits mRNA reads the DNA phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid tRNA exits leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Asparticacid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid glycine Amino Acid methionine Amino Acid proline Amino Acid tyrosine ribosome

BACK Watching the Process Examine the next codon and click the proper choice from the table below. You got it! choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Asparticacid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid glycine Amino Acid methionine Amino Acid proline Amino Acid tyrosine ribosome

BACK Watching the Process STOP! This protein is finished. The ribosome and mRNA will break apart. How many amino acids long is this finished protein? One Two Three choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine Five Four isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Asparticacid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid methionine Amino Acid proline Amino Acid glycine Amino Acid tyrosine ribosome

BACK Amino Acid methionine Amino Acid proline Amino Acid glycine Amino Acid tyrosine 1 2 4 3 This protein is only 4 amino acids in length. In reality, they are often thousands of amino acids in size. This finished protein will now by used by the cell or exported by which organelle of the cell? Mitochondria Golgi body Rough ER Chlorplast

BACK Final Review Good memory. Review #1: Which process creates the mRNA that is read by the ribosome? Replication Transcription Translation

BACK Final Review Correct! Review #2: What does tRNA deliver to the ribosome? mRNA DNA Amino acids Proteins

BACK Final Review Correct! Review #3: Which molecule directly determines which amino acid transfer RNA delivers to the ribosome? messenger RNA DNA RNA polymerase The nucleus

BACK Final Review Correct! Review #4: Where does the process of translation take place? Inside the nucleus Inside the Golgi body At the ribosome Inside the vacuole

BACK Final Review Correct! Review #5: If the DNA code was TTC-AAT-GGC, perform transcription to determine the mRNA code. AAG-TTA-CCG TTC-AAT-GGC AAG-UUA-CCG UUG-TTA-UCG

BACK Final Review Correct! Review #6: If the mRNA code is AAG-UUA-CCG, which three amino acids are going to be delivered to the ribosome? LYSINE – CYSTEINE - ASPARAGINE LEUCINE - PROLINE - VALINE LYSINE – LEUCINE - PROLINE SERINE – METHIONINE - GLUTAMIC ACID

Correct!I hope this tutorial was helpful. This will be posted on my website for you to review at any time. Turn in your handout. Feel free to start over if you would like to do some review.

Find the AUG codon. This code tells the ribosome to deliver the amino acid called methionine. Click on the AUG codon to proceed.

Find the CCA codon. This code tells the ribosome to deliver the amino acid called proline. Click on the CCA codon to proceed.

Find the stop codons. These codes tells the ribosome to stop creating the protein. Click on the any stop codon to proceed.

The first three letters are AUG. The ribosome reads the AUG and the amino acid called methionine is delivered. Click return to try again. return

The next three letters are CCA. The ribosome reads the CCA and the amino acid called proline is delivered. Click return to try again. return

The next three letters are UAU. The ribosome reads the UAU and the amino acid called tyrosine is delivered. Click return to try again. return

DNA is not directly involved in translation. Try again. return

This has already happened. I want to know what happens next. Try again. return

The next three letters are UAA. The ribosome reads the UAA and this is one of the signals to stop creating the protein. Click return to try again. return

Count ‘em up! This protein is only 4 amino acids in length. Amino Acid methionine Amino Acid proline Amino Acid glycine Amino Acid tyrosine 1 2 4 3 return

Click return to try again. return

Remember this transcription table? return

AAG -UUA-CCG I will help you get started. The first codon is AAG. Find AAG on the mRNA codon chart. AAG codes for lysine. This is the amino acid that tRNA will deliver. return

Translation Tutorial