CONTENTS

1. CONTENTS • Introduction • Country Overview • Public Administrative Reforms of Mongolia • Overview of ICT in Mongolia • Overview of ICT in Japan • E-government key challenges in Mongolia • Discussions and Recommendations

2. 1. Introduction Research Purpose: • To review a current trends of Mongolian public and ICT sector, an overview Japanese ICT development and best experiences on E-government services, • To reveal the key challenges and, • To suggest recommendation for possible e- government policies in Mongolia. Research Questions • How to work together government agencies? • How to enhance citizen participation? • How to build partnership with private sector?

3. Methodology • comparative analysis of ICT strategies and E-government in Mongolia and Japan, • interviewing by the central& local governments along with their e-government implementation, • observing public opinions, • studying theoretical books on ICT strategy and E-government, • discussion with decision makers and ICT experts and, • two case studies to conduct Japanese E-government solutions and services

4. 2. Country Overview • Area: 1.565 mln. sqr. km • Population: 2.585 mln. (2004) • In Ulaanbaatar (capital city): 735’000 • In Rural: 1’650’000 • Growth rate: 1.9% (2000) • Geography: steppe, desert, forest, mountains • Administration: Ulaanbaatar, 21 provinces • Government: Parliamentary

5. Mongolia: Macroeconomic Performance (percentages) Source: NSO 1997-2003 and Mongol Bank

6. 3.Public Administrative Reforms • History overview • Building Institutional Capacity for Change • Management Development Program • Regional Development concept • Mongolian state policy on reforming government processes and the general system of structure • Law on Public sector management and finance • Good governanceprogram

7. 4.Overview of ICT in Mongolia • ICT POLICY AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT • Mongolian Telecom Master Plan up to 2010, 1994 • Law of Radio Frequency, 1999 • ICT vision-2010, 2000 • Law on Communications, 2001 • Telecommunications sector midterm policy, 2001 • Medium term strategy of ICT, 2002 • Draft package law on IT (under construction) • E-Mongolia program 2005-2012 In 1916, the Mongolian Government adopted a first Telegraph Rule.

8. Information Infrastructure Selenge Uvs Darhan BayanUlgii Huvsgol Orhon Bulgan ULAANBAATAR Hovd Dornod Arhangai Zavhan Hentii Òuv Sukhbaatar CHOIR Gobisumber Uvorhangai GobiAltai Bayanhongor SAINSHAND Dundgobi Dornogobi 6. DORNGOVI Zamyn Uud Umnogobi Optical Fiber Cable Digital Microwave links Source by PTA

9. e-Mongolia National Program Vision of e-Mongolia This policy aims at establishing the information society and founding the knowledge-based society in Mongolia by enhancing extensive applications of ICT in all sectors of society. By 2012, Mongolia will become one of the top ten ICT developed countries in Asia. Legal and Regulatory Framework ICT-enabled Economic Growth ICT Skills and Human Resources Development Leadership and Reform Interoperability and Applications Public Awareness and Participation Infrastructure development Designing and implementing new businesses such as e-Commerce, e-Tax, e-Custom, e-Payments, e-Procurement, e-Health, and e-Learning Establishment of an electronic system to expand civil participations Establishment of a unified Information exchange network among Gov. agencies Requirement for the leadership at all levels of e-Government execution Requirement for legislating laws and regulations on ICT Need to build high speed transmission networks throughout Mongolia Establishment of nation-wide Digital Community Centers for business Reduction of the Internet connection fees Implications

10. E-Government initiatives • ICT for sustainable human development” project from 1998 to 2001, • In 2001 “Assessment on government information and communication system” • Open Government “Prime Minister’s website” • ICT mid term strategy, 2002 • Drafting IT basic law, • Launching e-Government Master Plan, 2005

11. e-Government Master Plan

12. 5. Overview of ICT in Japan • Policy and regulatory issues • ICT strategy • E-Japan strategy I • E-Japan strategy II • E-government and e-local government • Case study 1. Yokosuka online tender system Case study 2. Okayama Information highway

13. IT Policy Targets and the Current Status Drawing up an IT state strategy: [e-Japan Strategy] (January 2001) Main objective: “To make Japan the world's most advanced IT nation by 2005” ◆5-year urgent concentrated implementation by 2005 ◆Four priority policy areas －Infrastructure: Principle of private-sector initiatives, Creation of the world’s most advanced environment for the Internet －e-commerce: Ex-post-facto check rule, Building confidence in participants, International harmonization －e-governments: Reform of administrative work, Social infrastructures for use of IT －Human resources: Improvement in IT literacy, Recruiting of IT instructors, Fostering of IT engineers/experts Targets Constant access environment by 2005 High-speed: 30 million households Ultra-high-speed: 10 million households

14. “e-Japan Strategy II” (Decided by the IT Strategy Headquarters July 2nd 2003) “e-Japan Priority Policy Program-2003-2004” (Decided by the IT Strategy Headquarters August 8th 2003) In addition to making Japan the world's most advanced IT nation by 2005, we must aim to continue leading the world after 2006. Priority Policies IT Strategy – Phase I: To positively tackle the establishment of IT foundational infrastructure significant level of progress. IT Strategy – Phase II: To realize a “vigorous, safe, impressive and convenient society” through the practical use of Information Technology Leading 7 fields making practical use of IT Medical / Foods / Life / Finance for SMEs / Intellectual / Employment and Labor / Governmental Services Develop results in these 7 fields to other fields. Construction of New Society 1. Construction of next generation IT environment 2. Safe and secure use environment 3. R&D to promote the intellectual resources of the next generation 4. Develop IT-HR and promote learning 5. New international relationships focusing on IT

15. Japanese e-government program

16. Case study A. Yokosuka e-bidding system The Yokosuka city implemented an electronic bidding system in September 2001. The electronic bidding system with competitiveness, transparency, fairness and effectiveness, has gained a good reputation as working towards the effect of overcoming the economic crisis

17. Case study B. Okayama Information highway Backbone network consists of 450 km optical fiber linked connected by all municipality branch offices, public organizations and schools. The city of Niimi in Okayama prefecture implemented electronic voting via a touch machine in June 2002. The electronic voting system was designed to facilitate the “quick counting votes” and “accurately reflecting the will of the people by reducing the number of spoiled and invalid ballots” .

18. 6. E-government key challenges in Mongolia • Strategy (vision, policy objectives), • Leadership (motivation, political support), • Human Resource Development (skill, training) • ManagementChange (organizational change, internal resistance to change) • Digital Divide • Technological change • Public-private partnership, • Citizen participation

19. National ICT Strategies

20. Leadership • Establishing National ICT Committee headed by the Prime Minister of Mongolia since 2001. This committee was consisting of representatives from government, civil societies, academic organizations and the private sector. • In 2004, Government of Mongolia established Information and Communications Technology Authority (ICTA). But, ICTA isgovernment agency and has a lower status than line ministry. This makes it difficult for ICTA to coordinate on e-government policy development and to implement it in national level.

21. Human Development Issues • Mongolians learn quickly. This country is largely influenced by nomadic culture, which gives it a very flexible mentality. • However, the lack of human resources, financial constraints, and low computer literacy in Mongolian are significant challenges. • Therefore, the Government of Mongolia considers that one of the essential tasks for Mongolians at the beginning of the 21st century is to become universally computer literate.[1

22. Comparison between Japan and Mongolia on Public Organizational Cultures

23. Bridging Digital Divide

24. Technology Change Present technology Planned technology in use to be deployed • Subscriber access network • Switching network • National transmission network • International network Copper cables, ADSL - WiFi, WiMax, BcN TDM Switches - IP-based Star network type Ring type Microwave links Fiber optics PDH, SDH,analogue DWDM Sattellite - Terrestrial fiber optic

25. Public-Private Partnership • GovernmentsupportsComputer supply companies for tax-free for computer and local software; • Banksprovideloan andleasing for new computers under Low Cost PC project • Companiesoffers 4 kind of PC and cost of PC is around250-450US$; • 1 Tugrug Internet Campaign by dialup; • Introducing Broadband Internet technologies

26. Citizen Participation • In Mongolia, citizen participation is low, due to a lack of initiative, and due to the inertia left behind by a command-administrative system • The low population density, financial constraints and underdeveloped communication networks has added barriers to participation, while there exists a poor understanding of democracy and human rights • Therefore, Government of Mongolia considers that e-government can help strengthen citizen participation in the decision making process, promote open and accountable government, help to prevent corruption and protect personal information

27. 7. Conclusions & Recommendations • Establishment of the nation-wide strategy • Political and governmental leadership to the e-government initiatives. • Investing human resource development • Introduce universal management techniques and create the basic skills for e-government • Adaptation of new technology • Bridging digital divide • Partnership with private sector • Collaboration with civil society