Presentation Transcript

1. Warm Up:

   Describe the process of industrialization in Japan.
2. What was the Old Order? Constitutional Governments Manipulated through appeals to nationalism 2. Colonial Empires Both formal & informal Maintained by military & economic means 3. Free market capitalism Industrial countries exchanged manufactured goods for agricultural & mineral products of nonindustrial world

3. Chapter 29

   The Collapse of the Old Order 1919-1949
4. I. The Stalin Revolution Five Year Plans Josef Stalin Wanted to transform Russia into an industrialized nation Wanted to increase the power of communist party, and power of the Soviet Union Not focused on consumer goods or profits
5. I. The Stalin Revolution 2. 1st Five Year Plan (1928-1933) Goal was to rapidly industrialize Russia - Wanted to prevent a repeat of Russia’s defeat in WWI Quintuple electrical output Double output of heavy industry - Iron, steel, coal and machinery
6. I. The Stalin Revolution 3. Effects of the 1st Five Year Plan Cities and industries created from scratch Millions of peasants trained to work in factories, move to cities Hydroelectric dams turn rivers into strings of lakes Roads, canals and railroads cut across landscape Forrest and grassland transformed into farmland
7. I. The Stalin Revolution B. Collectivization of Agriculture Transition to Industrial Economy Soviet Union was predominately agrarian Peasants were primary source of money for industrial investments, labor & food for industrial workers
8. I. The Stalin Revolution 2. Collectivization of Agriculture Consolidation of privately owned farms into vast government owned collectives Farmers work together in commonly owned fields Each collective needed to supply the government with a quota of food - Distributed to industrial workers in the city Remainder of food was distributed among collective members Industrialization of agriculture - Used techniques of mass production & modern machinery
9. I. The Stalin Revolution 3. Kulak Resistance Kulaks, the better off peasants - resisted giving up land Soldiers forced them into collectives at gunpoint Kulaks burned their crops, smashed equipment and slaughtered livestock - ½ of horses, 2/3 sheep & goats slaughtered in months
10. I. The Stalin Revolution 4. Government Response “liquidation of the kulaks as a class” 8 million kulaks arrested - Sent to the gulags, slave labor camps in Siberia - 1 million executed
11. I. The Stalin Revolution 5. Effects of Collectivization Only the least successful peasants remained on collective farms Not enough draft animals to harvest crops - Poor harvest in 1933-34 What was harvested was sent to the cities Famine in the countryside 5 million died of starvation in 1934 1/20 farmers
12. I. The Stalin Revolution 6. Economic Effects of the Five Year Plans 2nd Five Year plan focused on armaments (1933-1938) - Response to the rise of Nazi Germany Soviet output of metals and machines increased 14 fold Consumer goods remained scarce Food rationed Soviet people were more poorly fed, clothed and housed than under NEP
13. I. The Stalin Revolution C. Terror and Opportunities Secret Police Goal was to prevent resistance & fear Created an environment of suspicion & fear - Reflected Stalin’s paranoia
14. I. The Stalin Revolution 2. Great Purges 1937-38 Launched a series of show trials Tortured political opponents into forced confessions Millions of Russians arrested for perceived disloyalty - Executed or sent to gulags Killed off the leadership of the “old Bolsheviks” Destroyed the military officer corps
15. I. The Stalin Revolution 3. Women Entered workforce in large numbers - All aspects of Soviet economy - Steelworkers, physicians, office managers

16. Read pages 834-835

    Answer #1-4
17. I. The Stalin Revolution 4. Effectiveness Soviet Union industrialized more rapidly than any other nation By late 1930’s, the USSR was the 3rd largest economy Economy grew while other industrialized economies suffered during the Great Depression
18. Warm Up: Why was the Soviet Union able to industrialize faster than Japan?
19. II. The Great Depression Economic Crisis Origins Oct. 24, 1929 New York stock market crashed - Lost ½ value within days - Investors, bankers & brokers lost millions Depositors in banks rushed to withdraw funds - Thousands of banks collapsed
20. II. The Great Depression 2. Great Depression in the U.S. Consumers reduced purchases Businesses cut production Companies laid off workers - 25% unemployment Unemployed relied on public charity As demand decreased, farm prices fell - Thousands of farms went into foreclosure By 1932, U.S. economy shrunk by half
21. Breadlines & Soup Kitchens in the U.S.
22. Shantytown “Hooverville” Central Park NYC
23. II. The Great Depression 3. Response of the US Government Wanted to protect American industry from foreign competition Smoot-Hawley Tariff- highest import duty in US history Other nations responded by raising their tariffs - Global production dropped 36 % - World trade dropped 62%
24. II. The Great Depression B. Depression in Industrialized Nations Depression becomes global American banks called on loans from Germany & Austria Germany & Austria unable to make reparation payments to Britain & France Britain & France could not repay loans to the U.S.
25. II. The Great Depression 2. Germany Unemployment rate hit 30% in 1932 50% of population lived in poverty Government began printing money to pay reparations Led to hyperinflation Inflation wiped out the savings of the middle class
26. Hyperinflation
27. Hyperinflation 1914: 4 marks to $1 1919: 9 marks to $1 1922: 500 marks to $1 Jan. 1923: 15,000 marks to $1 July 1923: 350,000 marks to $1 August 1923: 5,000,000 marks to $1 Highest Rate of Exchange: 11 trillion marks to $1
28. II. The Great Depression C. Depression in Non-industrial Nations 1. Export Economies Export based economies suffered as world wide demand decreased - Sugar from Caribbean - Coffee from Brazil & Columbia Tea from Ceylon and Java Rubber from Southeast Asia Cotton from Egypt
29. II. The Great Depression 2. Latin America Unemployment & homelessness increased Declining economies led to military takeovers - Imposed totalitarian control over economies
30. III. The Rise of Fascism Mussolini’s Italy Post WWI Italy Disappointed by the lack of territorial gains of war. Inflation, unemployment, talk of revolution.

31. Read: Futurist Manifesto

32. III. The Rise of Fascism 2. Benito Mussolini Persuasive speaker Founded Fascist Party - Nationalistic - Glorified warfare
33. III. The Rise of Fascism 3. Fascism Goal of Fascism Destroy the notion of the individual Instead push for a common national identity. Differences with Communism Identity based on nationality, not class. Did not advocate end to private property.
34. III. The Rise of Fascism 4. Rise to Power Used violence to intimidate political rivals Paramilitary, the Black Shirts Threatened to overthrow government if Mussolini not appointed Prime Minister - Government gave in, Mussolini made Prime Minster in 1922
35. III. The Rise of Fascism 5. Consolidation of Power Installed Fascist Party members in all government jobs Outlawed opposition parties Jailed critics Mussolini declared Il Duce (the Leader) - Head of State - Right to govern by decree
36. III. The Rise of Fascism 6. Propaganda Applied techniques of mass communications & advertising to politics Controlled newspapers, radio, films Media used to glorify the state & Mussolini - “The Duce is always right” - “Believe, Obey, Fight” - American razor blades inadequate for toughness of Mussolini’s beard - Speed driving race cars frightened experts
37. III. The Rise of Fascism 7. Fascist Rule Civil liberties curtailed Industries nationalized Unions, strikes outlawed Lowered living standards Per capita output and wages declined Provided social security, public services - “ he made the trains run on time”

38. Warm Up:

    Compare the rise to power of the Communists in Russia and the Fascists in Italy
39. III. The Rise of Fascism B. Hitler’s Germany Adolf Hitler Undistinguished artist - Rejected by the Academy in Vienna Served in German Army in WWI without distinction Joined German Workers Party in 1919, renamed the National Socialist Workers Party (Nazi) Skilled orator

40. Read: Nazi Party Platform

    Answer questions
41. Warm Up What were the basic goals of the Nazi party?
42. III. The Rise of Fascism 2. Early Political Career Became leader of the Nazi Party Led failed coup of the government in 1923 - Beer Hall Putsch Thrown in jail While in jail, wrote Mein Kampf, my struggle

43. Read: Mein Kampf

44. III. The Rise of Fascism 3. Goals of Hitler Repeal of the Versailles Peace Treaty Annexation of all German speaking people into Germany Conquest, Lebensraum – room to live, at expense of Poland & USSR Elimination of Jews from Europe
45. III. The Rise of Fascism 4. Depression & Rise to Power Nazi party grew with the economic crisis of Great Depression Unemployed were encouraged by promises for jobs Property owners were afraid of growing popularity of Communists Hitler became chancellor in 1939
46. III. The Rise of Fascism 5. Hitler in Power Nazi party members put in charge of all government agencies Banned all opposition parties Sent leaders to concentration camps Jews denied citizenship & civil rights - Marriage between “Aryans” and Jews banned - Jews not permitted to attend universities Jewish property confiscated Hitler proclaimed “Fuhrer” – leader Used propaganda to build support for Hitler
47. III. The Rise of Fascism 6. Nazi Rule & the Economy Government undertook massive public works projects Business gained contracts to manufacture weapons to rearm German military Women urged to leave workplace, freeing up jobs for men “Kinder, kirche, kuche” – children, church, kitchen Unemployment rate decreased, standard of living rose Germany exchanged civil liberties for economic prosperity
48. III. The Rise of Fascism C. The Road to War, 1933-1939 Towards War Germany withdrew from League on Nations (1933) German army began conscription (1935) Violating the Versailles Peace Treaty Italy invaded Ethiopia (1935) - Last independent state in Africa - Member of the League of Nations Hitler sent troops to the demilitarized Rhineland (1936) - Violating the Versailles Peace Treaty
49. III. The Rise of Fascism Appeasement belief that by giving Hitler what he wanted, war could be avoided (1) Fear of repeating WWI (2) Fear of communism - Democracies did not trust the USSR as an ally (3) Trust - Believed that Hitler was a man of his word
50. III. The Rise of Fascism 3. German Aggression Occupation of Austria (March 1938) - Anschluss, Union Demanded annexation of the Sudetenland - German speaking region of the Czech Republic Munich Conference (Sept. 1938) - Leaders of France, Italy, & Britain gave Hitler the Sudetenland to avoid war Without consultation of Czechoslovakia German army occupied the rest of Czechoslovakia (March 1939)
51. German aggression in Czechoslovakia
52. III. The Rise of Fascism 4. Alliances & Agreements Germany and Italy agree to Alliance Axis Powers
53. III. The Rise of Fascism Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (Aug. 1939) Hitler and Stalin agree not to attack each other Divide up Poland German invasion of Poland (Sept. 1939) - France and Britain declare war on Germany
54. IV. East Asia The Manchurian Incident of 1931 Japan & the Great Depression China & the U.S. created trade barriers against Japanese imports - Collapse in demand for silk and rice - Ruined Japanese farmers Ultra-Nationalist resented Japanese dependence on foreign trade Wanted to create a Japanese Empire to lessen dependence of foreign nations for natural resources Saw conquest of China as solution to nations problems
55. IV. East Asia Invasion of Manchuria Japanese army used an explosion at on the South Manchurian Railway (Sept. 1931) as an excuse to conquer Manchuria - Probably staged Attacked without approval of civilian government
56. IV. East Asia 3. Militarization Japanese focused of military production - Focus on creating a strong navy Built railways and heavy industries in Manchuria - Rich in coal & iron Military officials overthrew the civilian government - Government grew more authoritarian - Political dissidents jailed
57. IV. East Asia B. The Chinese & the Long March Communist Persecution Chinese Republic was led by Chiang Kai-Shek Guomindang – Chinese Nationalist Party Biggest rival was the Communist party Chiang Kai-Shek arrested & executed members of Communist party and labor leaders in 1927 - Survivors fled to Jiangxi in southeastern China
58. IV. East Asia 2. Mao Zedong Communist party leader Advocated redistribution of land Give land from wealthy to poor Supported by peasants Advocated women’s equality - Allowed divorce - Outlawed foot binding - Banned arranged marriage
59. IV. East Asia 3. The Long March (1934-35) The Guomindang army pursued the Communist into the mountains Communist avoided direct confrontation - Guerilla Warfare Communist marched from Jiangxi to Shaanxi - Constant attack and aerial bombardment - 1 year - 6,000 miles - Of 10,000 who left, only 4,000 reached Shaanxi
60. IV. East Asia C. The Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945 Japanese Aggression Attacked Beijing in July, 1937 Seized Beijing, Tianjin, & Shanghai within weeks Western powers did not respond to Japanese aggression
61. IV. East Asia 2. Chinese Resistance and Economic Effects Both Guomindang army and Communist guerilla forces fought Japanese invaders War with China became a drain on the Japanese economy - Taxes rose - Food & fuel became scarce Japan became increasingly dependent on U.S. for steel and oil
62. IV. East Asia 3. Rape on Nanjing Japanese forces took the city on Nanjing (1937-1938) Raped 20,000 women Killed 200,000 civilians & prisoners
63. IV. East Asia 4. Environmental Disaster Chiang ordered Yellow River dikes destroyed to slow Japanese advance Caused massive flooding - 4,000 villages destroyed - 890,000 killed - 12.5 million homeless
64. IV. East Asia 5. Dual Resistance to Japanese Aggression Chaing Kai-Shek Mao Zedong based in Shaanxi Listened to grievances of peasants Redistributed land Strict discipline, no dissent Obtained intelligence fro farmers in Japanese held territory military victories based in Sichuan Built massive army to fight Japanese & Communist Poorly equipped Raised taxes on peasants during famine Corruption in government Printed money to avoid taxing wealthy supporters - inflation

65. Using your textbooks, pages 843-844, compare the nature of warfare in WWI to that of WWII

    How was the war fought