Quiz #1: Overview of Plants

1. Get ready to take Quiz #1overChapter 22-25 “Overview of Plants” • Materials you will need: • One piece of paper • A writing utensil

2. Instructions • Remove everything from your table except your materials. • Fold your notebook paper “hot dog” style. • Keep the folded paper closed and turn it where you can see the three holes. • Write your full heading starting with the first line. Note: This is the only place your name will be written. • Open your paper and write the title “Quiz #1.” • Number your paper from 1-10. • Write the correct answers for the following questions.

3. Question #1 Fill in the blank: • Life on earth would not be possible without plants converting solar energy to chemical energy by _____.

4. Question #2 Fill in the blank: • Before plants were able to live in terrestrial habitats, they needed ways to _____ minerals, conserve water, and reproduce on land.

5. Question #3 Fill in the blank: • The first plants to invade land lacked roots, stems, and leaves. They took in water and other substances by _____ and _____.

6. Question #4 Fill in the blank: • The first vascular plants, such as ferns, were seedless and required a film of water for _____.

7. Question #5 Fill in the blank: • The first seed-bearing plants were gymnosperms, which produced seeds that develop in _____.

8. Question #6 Fill in the blank: • Angiosperms are flowering plants, which produce seeds that develop within _____.

9. Question #7 Fill in the blank: • Angiosperms are the most successful plants, comprising _____ % of all living plant species.

10. Question #8 Fill in the blank: • Angiosperms are classified as either _____ or _____, depending on the number of cotyledons in their seeds.

11. Question #9 Fill in the blank: • _____ are specialized for seed dispersal by agents such as animals, wind, and water.

12. Question #10 Fill in the blank: Examples Seedless Seeds ferns mosses club mosses dicots horsetails ginkgo cycads monocots whisk ferns conifers gnetophytes

13. The End of Quiz #1 Follow the directions of your teacher.

14. Plants

15. Plant Structure and FunctionChapter 22-25

16. The Vascular Plant Body Transport in Vascular Plants Plant Structure and Function

17. The Vascular Plant Body

18. The Vascular Plant Body • Vascular Plants are composed of three basic types of tissue: • DERMAL TISSUE • GROUND TISSUE • VASCULAR TISSUE

20. Dermal Tissue • Dermal tissue acts to cover and protect other plant tissues.

21. Dermal tissue -- covering, protection of plant surface • Dermal tissue covers the outer surface of herbaceous plants. (herbaceous Term applied to a nonwoody stem/plant with minimal secondary growth.) • Dermal tissue is composed of epidermal cells, closely packed cells that secrete a waxy cuticle that aids in the prevention of water loss.

22. Ground Tissue • Ground tissue includes a variety of cells that function in photosynthesis, storage, transport and support. • It makes up the majority of the plant body.

23. **Vascular Tissue** • Vascular tissue consists of two types of conducting cells: • XYLEM • PHLOEM • These conducting cells, xylem and phloem, form a system of pipes, which transports materials throughout the plant body.

24. Vascular tissue -- distribution of water and solutes • Vascular tissue transports food, water, hormones and minerals within the plant. • Vascular tissue includes xylem, phloem, parenchyma, and cambium cells.

25. Typical Plant Body • The plant body is made up of tissue systems or organ systems that are above the ground and below the ground. • Above ground portion = SHOOT • The shoot is anchored by an underground portion = ROOT

26. Shoot System The shoot system is above ground and includes the organs such as leaves, buds, stems, flowers (if the plant has any), and fruits (if the plant has any).

27. Leaves • Primary Photosynthetic Organ of a plant • Can be specialized for particular purposes such as: • Protection • Water conservation • Climbing

28. Stems • Provide a supportive framework • House a plant’s vascular tissue; can be modified for other functions: • Asexual reproduction • Storage for food and water

29. Structure of Stems • Stems differ between gymnosperms (conifers and related plants) and angiosperms (flowering plants) and between the two divisions of angiosperms—monocotyledons and dicotyledons. • Common to all of them are basic tissue types: vascular tissue (xylem and phloem), which conducts water and nutrients to the cells of the plant; ground tissue, called pith at the center of the stem, which surrounds the vascular tissue; and dermal tissue, a protective layer. • However, herbaceous stems exhibit only primary growth, the result of active cell division near the tip of the stem. • All monocots and some dicots have herbaceous stems, although the arrangement of xylem and phloem within them differs. • Among angiosperms, only dicots are capable of secondary growth, which thickens the plant body. • It is secondary xylem that composes wood and annual phases of secondary growth that produce the rings seen in the cross section of a tree trunk. All gymnosperms have woody stems.

30. Structure of Stems

31. Types of Stems • Herbaceous – soft, green • Woody – dark, rigid

32. Modified stems • Tubers – stores food (potato) underground • Rhizomes – underground (grass) • Runners – above ground, horizontal (strawberry)

33. Specialized Structures in Stems • Leaf buds • Produces new leaves • Forms at apical meristem, at the tip or side of the stems • Nodes –location where leaves arise on the stem • Internodes – area between the nodes

34. Anatomy of a Leaf • The leaf provides food for the rest of the plant through the process of photosynthesis. • The outermost layer of the leaf is the epidermis, which is protected by the waxy coating of the cuticle. • Guard cells implanted in the epidermis form pores, known as stomata, through which water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide pass. • Embedded in the inner tissues of the leaf are chloroplasts, where photosynthesis occurs. • The plant veins consist of two specialized tissues. • Xylem conducts water from the plant to the leaf, while phloem carries food from the leaf to the plant.

35. Anatomy of a Leaf

36. Leaf External Parts • Leaves grow from the stem at the node. • Parts: • Blade = broad, flat, green • Petiole = stalk that joins blade to the stem Blade Leaf Stem Petiole

37. Leaf arrangement on a Stem • Opposite • Whorled • Alternate

38. Types of leaves • Simple = one entire blade • Compound (divided leaf blade = leaflets) • Palmately – leaflets come together at a central point • Pinnately – leaflets attach to the petiole in a pattern resembling a feather

39. Leaf Margin • Smooth • Toothed • Lobed

40. Leaf Venation • Parallel veins – Monocots • Netted (branched) veins –Dicots • Palmate venation • Pinnate venation

41. Modified Leaves • Modified leaves ensures plant survival in difficult environments • Insectivorous plants – capture insects with sticky substances on leaves, enclosing leaves, or tubular leaves with slippery sides. EX. Venus flytrap • Succulents – modified leaves to store large amounts of water EX. Aloe vera • Bulbs –stored food EX. Onion • Spines – plants have lost leaves and developed spines for protection EX. cactus

42. Simple Leaf • A simple leaf, such as this example from a maple tree, has a single leaf blade. • The netlike pattern of veins visible here is characteristic of dicotyledonous plants.

43. Compound Leaf • Compound leaves, although they appear to be a collection of many leaves, arise from a single bud. • The leaflets fall as a group in the autumn. • The leaf pictured here is from a Hercules' club. • It is pinnately compound (with paired, equally sized leaflets arising from a central blade), and doubly so, with leaflets attached to matching side stalks.

44. Monocot Leaf • Leaves of monocotyledonous plants, such as the palm pictured here, usually have parallel leaf veins. • Dicots show netlike venation. • Palm leaves, native to windy environments with little rainfall, have tough leaves that resist drying out.

45. Succulents • The thick fleshy leaves of succulent plants swell in damp conditions to store fresh water. • Adaptations such as the white coloration and waxy, water-sealing coating of some leaves reduce evaporation. • The leaves wrinkle as water is used.

46. Carnivorous Leaf • The two lobes of a Venus's-flytrap leaf form a deceptively safe and attractive landing place for insects and other animals. • Less than a second after the frog trips the trigger bristles on the inside surface of the leaf, the lobes close enough to trap the intruder below interlocking spines. • If sensory organs determine that the prisoner contains protein, the leaf closes further and the plant's digestive enzymes start to flow.

47. Root System tubers Swollen underground stems in plants that store food, such as the irish potato. rhizome  In ferns, a horizontal stem with upright leaves containing vascular tissues. vascular system  Specialized tissues for transporting fluids and nutrients in plants; also plays a role in supporting the plant; one of the four main tissue systems in plants. The root system includes those parts of the plant below ground, such as the roots, tubers, and rhizomes.

48. Root System The root system includes those parts of the plant below ground, such as the roots, tubers, and rhizomes.

49. Roots • In addition to anchoring a plant, roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil.

50. Root Types • Taproots (dandelion/carrot) • Fibrous (grass) • Adventitious (corn) • Aerial (orchid)