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CHAPTER 7

CHAPTER 7. CHEMICAL FORMULAS AND CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS. 7.1. CHEMICAL NAMES AND FORMULAS. IONIC COMPOUNDS. 7.1 NOTES. A compound, whether ionically or covalently bonded, always has the same ratio of moles of atoms. (Law of Definite Proportion). 7.1 NOTES.

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CHAPTER 7

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  1. CHAPTER 7 CHEMICAL FORMULAS AND CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

  2. 7.1 CHEMICAL NAMES AND FORMULAS

  3. IONIC COMPOUNDS

  4. 7.1 NOTES A compound, whether ionically or covalently bonded, always has the same ratio of moles of atoms. (Law of Definite Proportion)

  5. 7.1 NOTES An ionic compound is composed of ions bonded together. It could be 2 monatomic ions, 2 polyatomic ions, or 1 monatomic and 1 polyatomic.

  6. 7.1 NOTES What is the difference between a monatomic and a polyatomic ion?

  7. 7.1 NOTES Monatomic ions contain one atom and polyatomic ions contain 2 or more atoms. The charge for monatomic ions is based on the number of electrons they lose or gain to have a filled valence shell. Some common ones are listed on p. 221.

  8. 7.1 NOTES Monatomic ions contain one element and polyatomic ions contain 2 or more different elements. The charge for monatomic ions is based on the number of electrons they lose or gain to have a filled valence shell. Na Na1+ Mg Mg2+ Cl Cl1- O O2-

  9. 7.1 NOTES Monatomic ions contain one element and polyatomic ions contain 2 or more different elements. Most transition metals can have more than one charge, but there are two elements in the transition metals that always form the same charged ion. Ag Ag1+ Zn Zn2+

  10. 7.1 NOTES Polyatomic ions are groups of atoms that bond covalently, but have an overall charge, so they act as an ion when bonding. Some of the common ones are listed on p. 226.

  11. 7.1 NOTES Oxyanions contain oxygen in varying numbers. ClO1- is hypochlorite ClO21- is chlorite ClO31- is chlorate ClO41- is perchlorate How do you remember all of these?

  12. 7.1 NOTES Nick the Camel ateClams for Supper in Phoenix. The underlined letter is the element in the ion. The number of consonants is the number of oxygens. The number of vowels is the charge. The names all end in –ate. NO31- CO32- ClO31- SO42- PO43-

  13. 7.1 NOTES Rules for naming ionic compounds:

  14. 7.1 NOTES Rules for naming ionic compounds: • Cation always comes first If an element forms more than one type of ion, that must be noted using a Roman numeral for the charge. This most often happens in the transition metals.

  15. 7.1 NOTES Rules for naming ionic compounds: • Cation always comes first If an element forms more than one type of ion, that must be noted. Cu  Cu1+ or Cu2+

  16. 7.1 NOTES Rules for naming ionic compounds: • Cation always comes first If an element forms more than one type of ion, that must be noted. Cu  Cu1+ or Cu2+ copper (I) copper (II) The common transition metals that we will use are listed on the pink sheet.

  17. 7.1 NOTES Rules for naming ionic compounds: • Cation always comes first If an element forms more than one type of ion, that must be noted. • Anion always comes second. If it is a monatomic ion (single element) change the ending of the element to –ide.

  18. 7.1 NOTES Rules for naming ionic compounds: • Cation always comes first If an element forms more than one type of ion, that must be noted. • Anion comes second. If it is a monatomic ion (single element) change the ending of the element to –ide. If it is a polyatomic ion use the given name.

  19. 7.1 NOTES Rules for writing formulas for ionic compounds: • Cation always comes first If a Roman numeral is present, it represents the charge on the cation.

  20. 7.1 NOTES Rules for writing formulas for ionic compounds: • Cation always comes first If a Roman numeral is present, it represents the charge on the cation. • Anion always comes second.

  21. 7.1 NOTES Rules for writing formulas for ionic compounds: • Cation always comes first If a Roman numeral is present, it represents the charge on the cation. • Anion always comes second. • Balance the charges so that the overall charge is zero.

  22. 7.1 NOTES Rules for writing formulas for ionic compounds: • Cation always comes first If a Roman numeral is present, it represents the charge on the cation. • Anion always comes second. • Balance the charges so that the overall charge is zero. • If parentheses are needed to multiply polyatomic ions, use them.

  23. 7.1 NOTES Rules for writing formulas for ionic compounds: • Cation always comes first If a Roman numeral is present, it represents the charge on the cation. • Anion always comes second. • Balance the charges so that the overall charge is zero. • If parentheses are needed to multiply polyatomic ions, use them. • Check to make sure the lowest ratio of subscripts are used.

  24. 7.1 NOTES

  25. 7.1 NOTES

  26. 7.1 NOTES

  27. MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS

  28. 7.1 NOTES Molecular compounds, because they can be bonded more than one way have different rules. For instance: CO and CO2

  29. 7.1 NOTES Molecular compounds, because they can be bonded more than one way have different rules. For instance: CO and CO2 There are different ways of naming these, and because they are not ions, Roman numerals aren’t used. Although there is a push to use Roman numerals (Stock system) for these as well.

  30. 7.1 NOTES Rules for naming molecular compounds. • The element in the lower number group goes first, or if in the same group, the element with the higher period number goes first. This element uses a prefix to denote the number of atoms, but never uses “mono-”. The English name is used.

  31. 7.1 NOTES Rules for naming molecular compounds. • The element in the lower number group goes first, or if in the same group, the element with the higher period number goes first. This element uses a prefix to denote the number of atoms, but never uses “mono-”. The English name is used. • The second element always uses a prefix also to denote the number of atoms. A root word of the element is used along with the ending “–ide”.

  32. 7.1 NOTES Rules for naming molecular compounds. • The element in the lower number group goes first, or if in the same group, the element with the higher period number goes first. This element uses a prefix to denote the number of atoms, but never uses “mono-”. The English name is used. • The second element uses a prefix also to denote the number of atoms. A root word of the element is used along with the ending “–ide”. • If there are multiple vowels in between the prefix and the root word, one of them is often dropped.

  33. 7.1 NOTES Rules for naming molecular compounds. • The element in the lower number group goes first, or if in the same group, the element with the higher period number goes first. This element uses a prefix to denote the number of atoms, but never uses “mono-”. The English name is used. • The second element uses a prefix also to denote the number of atoms. A root word of the element is used along with the ending “–ide”. • If there are multiple vowels in between the prefix and the root word, one of them is often dropped. • When metalloids bond with nonmetals (usually the case), this system of naming is used.

  34. 7.1 NOTES

  35. 7.1 NOTES

  36. 7.1 NOTES Why are acids so unique?

  37. 7.1 NOTES An acid is a covalently bonded molecule which forms ions. HCl + H2O  H3O1+ + Cl1-

  38. 7.1 NOTES Rules for naming acids • The anion which forms the basis of the acid is used for the name. • If it is a binary acid (hydrogen plus one other element) the name is hydro_________ic acid. • If it is an oxygen acid (hydrogen, oxygen plus one other element) the name depends on the number of oxygen atoms present. per__________ic acid (anion is per_____ate) HClO4 __________ic acid (anion is _____ate) HClO3 __________ous acid (anion is _____ite) HClO2 hypo_________ous acid (anion is hypo____ite) HClO

  39. 7.1 NOTES

  40. 7.1 NOTES

  41. 7.1 NOTES

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