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MICRB 265 General Microbiology

MICRB 265 General Microbiology. Doug McFarlane Z-910 Bio Sci doug.mcfarlane@ualberta.ca “Doug” or “Professor McFarlane”. News. Naming Microorganisms. Carl Linnaeus Each organism has two names: the genus and species No common names “Cat” vs. Felis domesticus Bison bison bison.

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MICRB 265 General Microbiology

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  1. MICRB 265 General Microbiology Doug McFarlane Z-910 Bio Sci doug.mcfarlane@ualberta.ca “Doug” or “Professor McFarlane” News

  2. Naming Microorganisms • Carl Linnaeus • Each organism has two names: the genus and species • No common names • “Cat” vs. Felis domesticus • Bison bison bison

  3. Scientific Names • Latin • Italicized or underlined • The genus is capitalized and species is lower case • Homo sapiens • May be descriptive or honor a scientist • Theodor Escherich (Escherichia coli)

  4. Scientific Names • Often describe characteristics • E.g. Staphylococcus aureus • Describes the clustered arrangement of the cells (staphylo-) and the golden color of the colonies (aureus)

  5. Scientific Names • After the first use, scientific names may be abbreviated with the first letter of the genus plus the species name • Staphylococcus aureus S. aureus • Escherichia coli  E. coli • Proper formatting required for all work in this course

  6. Topic 1 - Overview • Microbial life – general characteristics • 12E: 2.5-2.7, Tables 14.1, 14.2 • 11E: Ch. 2, Table 11.3 • Microscopy (for the lab) • 12E: 2.1-2.4 • 11E: Ch. 4, pp. 56-63 • Prokaryote – size and shapes • 12E: 4.1, 4.2, Table 4.1, Fig. 4.1 • 11E: pp. 64-65, Table 4.1, Fig. 4.11

  7. Tree of Life Microbiology!!!

  8. Overview of Microbial Life • Prokaryotes – 2 domains • (Eu)Bacteria - bacteriology • Archaea – archaeology? • Eukaryotes • Protozoa • Parasites - parasitology • Fungi - mycology • Yeasts and molds • Viruses? – virology • Prions? Click here

  9. Main Differences Microorganism Cellular? No Virus Yes Nucleus/organelles? No Yes Prokaryote Eukaryote (Eukarya) Bacteria (eubacteria) Archaea (archaebacteria) Fungi Protists

  10. Cellular Life • Cell membrane • Genetic material is DNA • Gene expression uses tRNA, mRNA, rRNA • Similarities through evolution • E.g. Universal genetic code

  11. Differences Among Domains More details in Tables 14.1, 14.2 (11.3)

  12. Size Comparison

  13. Prokaryotic Size • Typically a few micrometers • E. coli is about 1 mm x 3 mm • Eukaryotic cells are often hundreds of micrometers • Surface: volume ratio • Efficient exchange with environment • Fast growth rates • Rapid response to changes in environment

  14. Surface to Volume

  15. Prokaryotic Size Exceptions • Epulopiscium fishelsonii • 200-600 mm • Thiomargarita namibiensis • Up to 750 mm

  16. Bacterial Characteristics • Exams will include questions about specific characteristics of selected species of bacteria (those mentioned repeatedly, those used in lab) • Cell shape, Gram stain (if applicable) • Defining characteristics • Will post list of organisms before exams (Doug’s Bugs)

  17. Bug #1 – Thiomargarita namibiensis • Bacteria; Gram –ve coccus; 100-750 mm • Largest prokaryote known to date • E. coli - mouse, T. namibiensis would be like a blue whale • Habitat: anaerobic marine sediments; high in S2-

  18. Internal vacuole = 98% of cell volume; Contains high concentration of NO3- elemental S granules cytoplasm Bug #1 – Thiomargarita namibiensis • Cell structure:

  19. Bug #1 – Thiomargarita namibiensis • Metabolism: not cultured yet • Chemolithotrophic • Anaerobic: Oxidizes S2-, uses NO3- as TEA, stores S0 • Aerobic: Oxidizes S0; uses O2 as TEA, stores NO3- • Uses CH4 to change buoyancy

  20. Bug #2 - Escherichia coli • Bacteria; Gram negative rod (bacillus) • Habitat: colon of warm-blooded animals • Fecal indicator organism • Grows best at 37oC • Metabolism: uses organic C as carbon and energy source; e.g. glucose (chemoorganoheterotroph) • Uses O2 when grown aerobically • Fermentation when grown anaerobically • Some strains are virulent • E.g. E.coli O157:H7 (Walkerton, ON)

  21. Bug #3 – Methanocaldococcus jannaschii • Archaea; Gram not applicable; coccus • Named for Holger Jannasch • Habitat: deep sea hydrothermal vents • hyperthermophile (85oC) and barophile (200 atm) • Metabolism: chemolithoautotroph • CO2 for C, H2 for energy • Fixes N2 into NH3; methanogen • Strict anaerobe (O2 poisonous)

  22. Bug #3 – Methanocaldococcus jannaschii • Interesting facts: • First Archaeal genome to be sequenced • See NCBI • Genes for energy production, metabolism, and cell division similar to Bacteria • Genes for transcription, translation, DNA replication similar to Eukarya • Resistant to penicillin because of cell wall composition

  23. Cell Shapes e.g. Treponema (bacillus) e.g. Caulobacter (or vibrio) e.g. Chloroflexus

  24. Arrangements • Pairs: diplococci, diplobacilli • Clusters: staphylococci • Chains: streptococci, streptobacilli

  25. Spirochaete Treponema pallidum Borrelia burgdorferi

  26. Vibrio Vibrio cholerae

  27. Arrangements Clusters: staphylo Pairs: diplo Neisseria gonorrhoeae MRSA

  28. Arrangements Chains: Strepto Streptococcus sp. Strep throat

  29. Arrangements • Tetrad • Sarcina Micrococcus sp.

  30. Appendaged/Budding • Caulobacter • Side story: • Adhesion • News

  31. Filamentous • Chloroflexus

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