Hungdah Su Married, two boys Professor and Jean Monnet Chair at National Taiwan University

1. Hungdah Su • Married, two boys • Professor and Jean Monnet Chair at National Taiwan University • Director General of EU Centre in Taiwan • Member of Council of Jean Monnet Foundation for Europe • Chief editor of Books Series on EU Studies in Taiwan • Doctorat of IH of University Paris-Sorbonne • Master of EC Law of University Pantheon-Sorboone • Master of Diplomacy and International Law of Cheng-Chi University in Taiwan • BA of National Taiwan University

2. September 18, 2014 EU Centre of Excellence at Carleton University, Canada EU experience and the Competing Asian Regionalism in the aftermath of Financial Crisis Dr. Hungdah Su Professor and Jean Monnet Chair at National Taiwan University Director General of EU Centre in Taiwan (EUTW)

3. Outline • Introduction • Development of Asian regionalism • Competing approaches to Asian regionalism • China and Asian regionalism • Evaluation of these competing approaches in light of EU experiences • Prospect of Asian regionalism

4. Asia as a geographical region

5. Political map of Asia

6. The largest Asia • Area 44.6 million km2 (4 Canada) • Population 3.9 billion (55% of global population) • Polities 47 (including Cypruses, Turkey, Taiwan etc.)

7. Asia defined by UN (without Siberia)

8. Asia defined by the US (ADB)

9. Asia in the context of Asia Pacific

10. Asia defined by EU (ASEM)

11. Some structural but evolving facts 2013

12. ASEAN

14. Foreign Exchange Reserve (billion $) (est. 2013)

15. Regimes and alliances in 2013

16. International structure in Asia

17. Potentially military conflicts

18. Territorial disputes

19. Conflicts in South China Sea

20. Young nation-buildings based upon old civilizations

21. Young nation-buildings 1867 Meiji Reform in Japan 1911 Creation of ROC 1939 Creation of Modern Thailand 1945 Independence of Koreas, Indonesia 1947 Independence of India and Pakistan 1948 Independence of Burma 1949 Creation of PRC

22. 1953 Independence of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos 1957 Creation of Malaysia 1967 Indepenedence of Singapore 1984 Independence of Brunei 2002 East Timor

23. Debate Do Asian values exist? • Community is more important than individuals. • Order is more important than liberty. • Consensus replaces confrontation. • Virtue to work hard rather than enjoy life. • ………

24. Integration in light of EU experience • Integration means a pooling of sovereignty of member states into common institutions. This pooling process could be started with establishment of intergovernmental cooperation, which later developed into supranational integration.

25. Schimmelfennig, Frank and Sedelmeier, Ulrich (2002). Theorizing EU enlargement: research focus, hypotheses, and the state of research. Journal of European Public Policy, 9(4), 500-528. Integratioin is defined here as ‘vertical institutionalisation’, which includes all the institutionalising developments of intergovernmental cooperation, common policies and Community building.

26. Definition for Asian integration All developments based upon the integovernmental agreements in the region that aim to constitute any step enumerated by Balassa are defined as parts of Asian integration.

27. Integration in Asia: Integratoin without strong institutionalization. Integration without supranational inspiration. Integration without strong regional identity.

28. Asian integration in comparison Compared to Europe No integration/reconciliation among US allies in Asia though US-led alliances guaranteed the regional security. Regional economy is now driven partly and increasingly by PRC, a non ally of US All regional projects must include PRC, a non ally of US, a dominant power in Asia.

29. 2. Development of Asian regionalism

30. Until 1945, Asia was dominated by imperialism.

31. Before 1945 • 1924 Su Yat sen proposed Greater Asianism or Pan Asianism in Kobei, Japan, which aimed to persuade Japanese leaders to help liberate Asians from Western imperioalism and build up an Asians’ Asia. Then Sino-Japanese cooperation should constitute the driving force of Asian regionalism.

32. 1940-45 Japan intended to establish the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere as part of Japanese militarism in Asia.

33. During the Cold War period • 1966 Asian Development Bank (ADB) • 1967 Pacific Basin Economic Cooperation (PBEC); ASEAN • 1980 Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC)

34. Since 1989 1989 Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) 2002 ASEAN plus Process 2008 Charter of ASEAN; TPP with US 2010 ASEAN plus PRC; ECFA 2012 RCEP (Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership)

35. Asian regionalism 1960-1980 Japan-initiated integration Late 1980- mid 1990 US/Australia-led integration Mid 1990 – early 2000 ASEAN-centred integration Early 2000 – 2010 China-centred integration Since 2010 Rising competition between US and China

37. Competing approaches to regionalism in Asia

39. Asian IGOs: ASEAN

40. Asian IGOs: APEC

41. SAARC

42. E. Asian Summit (ASEAN plus)

43. Asian IGOs: ASEAN plus • ASEAN 10 • ASEAN 10 plus 1: ASEAN + PRC • ASEAN 10 plus 3: + Japan, S. Korea (East Asian Community) • ASEAN 10 plus 3 plus 3: + India, Australia, New Zealand (East Asian Summit) • ASEAN 10 plus 3 plu 3 plu 1: + USA (APEC +)

44. SCO

45. 3. Competing approaches to Asian regionalism

46. Different and even conflicting approaches

47. American strategy APEC (TPP) Asian Integrat-ion

48. Regionalism of Japan JP

49. ASEAN strategy: A tripartite balance

50. Indian strategy: a balance plus a linkage