Teaching and Monitoring Comprehension

1. Teaching and MonitoringComprehension in the early grades Leecy Wise http://www.reconnectioncompany.com

2. Day 1 Agenda • Review Phonics Workshops. • Review research and best practices in teaching and monitoring reading comprehension in early grades.

3. Whose Responsibility? • Reading Teachers? • Administration? • Assistants? • Parents? • Volunteers?

4. NRP Report Comprehension is critically important to the of children’s reading skills and therefore to the ability to obtain an education. NRP noted three predominant themes in the research on the development of reading comprehension skills.

5. NRP Report First, reading comprehension is a complex cognitive process that cannot be understood without a clear description of the role that vocabulary development and vocabulary instruction play in the understanding of what has been read.

6. NRP Report Second, comprehension is an active process that requires an intentional and thoughtful interaction between the reader and the text.

7. NRP Report Third, the preparation of teachers to better equip students to develop and apply reading comprehension strategies to enhance understanding is intimately linked to students’ achievement in this area.

8. Text Comprehension

9. A Few Findings • Using a combination of comprehension instructional methods is more effective than using a single method. • Comprehension is enhanced when readers actively relate the ideas in print to their own knowledge and experiences.

10. A Few Findings • Comprehension strategies must be taught. • Teachers should demonstrate comprehension strategies until students can perform them on their own.

11. Seven Effective Strategies

12. Comprehension Monitoring • Students learn to be aware of their understanding of the text and to use specific strategies when needed. Comprehension monitoring is “thinking about thinking.” Comprehension monitoring instruction has positive effects on standardized reading comprehension test performance.

13. Comprehension Monitoring • Track their thinking. • Notice when they lose focus. • Stop and go back. • Reread to enhance understanding. • Identify what's confusing. • Consciously select the best strategy.

14. Monitoring Suggestions • Skip the word and read to end of sentence or segment, trying to figure it out from the context. • Guess the meaning or substitute a word that seems to fit and see if it makes sense.

15. Monitoring Suggestions • Ask someone the meaning of the word, look for definition in text, look up in dictionary. • Reread the segment. • Read aloud—it can really help to hear the text. Or ask someone else to read it aloud to you. • Slow down and reread, or read aloud.

16. Monitor/Clarify • Identify words they are unfamiliar with. • Identify sentences or phrases that need clarification. • Identify passages that are not clear. • I don’t understand the part where… • This ____ is not clear. • I can’t figure out… • This is a tricky word because….

17. Monitor/ Clarify WORD • I blend the sounds together. • I look for word parts I know. • I think of another word that looks like this word. • I look for clues.

18. Monitor/Clarify IDEA • I reread the part I didn’t understand. • I think about what I know. • I talk to a friend. • I read on and look for clues.

19. Cooperative Learning • Students work together to learn comprehension strategies. This leads to an increase in the learning of the strategies, promotes intellectual discussion, and increases reading comprehension including on standardized test performance.

20. Graphic Organizers • Students write or draw meanings and relationships of underlying ideas. Main effect appears to be in the improvement of the readers’ memory for the content that has been read. Improvement is also found in social studies and science content areas. http://content.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=2983 http://www.k111.k12.il.us/LAFAYETTE/FOURBLOCKS/graphic_organizers.htm

21. This class Reading in the Early Grades Reading Comprehension • ___ • ___ • ___ • ___ • ___ • ___ • ___

22. This class Reading in the Early Grades Phonemic Awareness Phonological Development Phonics/Decoding Skills Reading Comprehension • Comprehension Monitoring • Cooperative Learning • Graphic Organizers • ___ • ___ • ___ • ___

23. Analyze Story Structure • Students are taught to use the structure of the story as a means of helping them recall story content in order to answer questions about what they have read.

24. Story Structure • I’m going to read you a story. What would you want to know about this story?" Students would likely comment that they would like to know who the story is about, what happens in the story, where the story takes place, and how the story ends.

25. Story Structure • "Who" refers to characters, "where" and "when" involve setting and mood, "what happens" details events of the plot, "how did it end" involves the resolution of the story's conflict. "Why" questions get at the author's theme of the story. • Use a map for older learners. • Visualize where possible.

26. Question/Answer with Immediate Feedback • Readers answer questions posed by the teacher and receive immediate feedback Taffy Raphael 1982

27. Question Generation • Readers ask themselves questions about various aspects of the story;

28. Summarization • Readers are taught to integrate ideas and generalize from the text information.

29. Summarizing map Detail Detail Detail Detail First Detail Detail Second Idea Idea Detail Title of the Detail text Detail Third Fourth Idea Idea Detail Detail Detail

30. Summarize Street Monitor Street Visualize Avenue Question Street Clarify Drive Prediction Street

31. Stop: • Make predictions. • Set a purpose for reading. Slow Down: • Monitor comprehension. • Apply strategies. • Go: • Continue reading for more information.

34. Comprehension is the purpose of reading IN ALL CONTENT AREAS!

35. Closing • Select two students that you or a colleague are working with who is struggling with reading comprehension. • Select two or three instructional strategies that you learned today that you used to improve their comprehension. • Briefly share what strategies you have selected to assist this student.

36. Who’s Responsibility?Everyone’s!!! • If you teach math, teach reading. • If you teach science, teach reading. • If you teach language, history, geography, P.E., economics, basket weaving, technology, writing, art, music, ANYTHING …

37. TEACH READING COMPREHENSION!

38. Next time: Vocabulary

39. "Tell me and I forget. Teach me and I remember. Involve me and I learn." Benjamin Franklin