"Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology" (BIOL 174) Winter 2016

1. "Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology" (BIOL 174) Winter 2016 These introductory slides are posted on iLearn (Blackboard), as is a course syllabus with grading information.

2. "Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology" (BIOL 174) Winter 2016 Professor: Dr. Theodore Garland, Jr. Department of Biology Office: 2366 Spieth Hall Phone 827-3524 - better for long questions tgarland@ucr.edu

3. Today you will be taking a pre-course survey. You will get full credit for answering a question, regardless of your answer. This pre-survey is worth about 9% of your total grade (see online syllabus).

4. Why: We are interested in seeing how well this course meets our goal of introducing concepts of ecological and evolutionary physiology to you. How: Everyone will complete surveys at the beginning of the course and end of the course.We may also look at some of the questions on the exams.

5. You will have 1 minute for each question. Record your answers on your scantron with a #2 pencil. Make sure to write your name, SID number, and mark version A. ANY QUESTIONS?

6. 1. The dipper bird has been discussed as an example of morphology evolving faster than behavior. A. True B. False

7. 2. A p-value of less than 0.05 is generally agreed to indicate "statistically significant" results.. A. True B. False

8. 3. The "ultimate cause" can offer an explanation of the neurobiological mechanism of how an organism executes a behavior. A. True B. False

9. 4. Physiological ecologists, such as George Bartholomew, believe that organisms are often perfectly adapted to their environments. A. True B. False

10. 5. "Regression" lines can use ordinary least-squares, reduced major axes, or major axis types. A. True B. False

11. 6. Above the thermal neutral zone, endotherms typically reduce their metabolic rate to help lower body temperature. A. True B. False

12. 7. Which of the following is not an example of evolutionary “trade-offs” A. Colorful petals on flowers attract honeybees and butterflies B. Peacocks with longer tails are more attractive to females, but are easier prey C. Birds with longer wings have less maneuverability, but reduced energy costs of flying

13. 8. In principle, we could use physiological information to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships of organisms, just like we use morphological information or DNA sequences. In practice, this has rarely been done because physiology: A. is not heritable B. cannot be measured on museum specimens C. is not influenced by environment

14. 9. Potential “costs” of thermoregulation include: A. Time and energy spent when the animal thermoregulates B. Reduction in performance at low body temperatures C. Decreased exposure to predators

15. 10. “The study of how (and why) traits (or phenotypes) of organisms change in relation to changes in body size (mass),” is the definition of which of the following: A. Epigenetics B. Allometry C. Evolutionary Physiology

16. 11. Which of the following is an example of a regional heterotherm? A. Legs of a seagull standing on ice B. Reindeer face C. Reindeer legs D. Two of the above E. All of the above

17. 12. What happens to an organism running at its maximal aerobic speed? A. They are consuming as much oxygen as they can B. They are exercising as much as possible C. Neither of the above D. All of the above

18. 13. Heritability is higher for morphological traits and lower for life history traits. A. True B. False

19. 14. Studying the relationship between lizard hind limb length and their home range size in the wild measures the relationship between morphology and performance. A. True B. False

20. 15. Among species of rodents, maximal and basal metabolic rates are negatively correlated after controlling statistically for correlations with body mass. A. True B. False

21. 16. Natural selection and/or sexual selection often act most directly on behavior, which is constrained by performance abilities. A. True B. False

22. 17. One objection to the study of individual variation is that there could be extreme data points due to procedural error as opposed to actual biological differences. A. True B. False

23. 18. The predicted Ecological Cost of Transport (% of Daily Energy Expenditure) is higher in mammals than in lizards. A. True B. False

24. 19. A genetic correlation can be estimated by examining the relation between one trait as expressed in a set of offspring and another trait in their parents. A. True B. False

25. 20. Quantitative genetics shows how the total phenotypic variance for a given trait in a given population can be partitioned into several components, including: A. Additive genetic variance B. Dominance genetic variance C. Epistatic variance D. Environmental variance E. More than two of the above

26. 21. A key innovation: A. Allows for a new way of life B. May be important for adaptive radiation C. An example of which is endothermy D. All of the above E. None of the above

27. 22. Ecomorphological hypotheses imply that: A. Animals usually adapt to microhabitats in very different and unrelatable ways B. The natural selection of morphological traits can be established without relating them to performance C. Differences in morphology translate into differences in performance capacity D. All of the above E. None of the above

28. 23. An Australian researcher conducted an experiment involving the size of the pouch in kangaroos. The study was conducted in nature. Animals were captured and measured, and, each year, only the females with large pouches were allowed to reproduce. After 10 years of this procedure, to her surprise, no change in phenotype was observed as compared with the condition when the experiment started. Possible explanation(s) for this could be: A. Opposing selection that favors small pouch size B. Lack of heritability of pouch size C. Unexpectedly high levels of migration from outside the study area D. All of the above E. None of the above

29. 24. Behavior is sometimes called the “evolutionary pacemaker” because: A. Behaviors are usually the first phenotypes to show evolutionary change in response to selection B. Behaviors change at the same time as other phenotypes, but the others aren’t as obvious C. Behavior is fairly rigid and so is easy to make measurements when studying evolutionary change D. All of the above E. None of the above

30. 25. In the following equation r = h2*S, what does S stand for? A. Selection coefficient B. Directional selection differential C. Narrow-sense heritability D. Broad-sense heritability E. Additive-genetic variance

31. 26. As an indicator of repeatability, which value of a Pearson product-moment correlation would best indicate low repeatability? A. 0.9 B. 0.7 C. 0.5 D. 0.3 E. 0.1

32. 27. Selection experiments are the most direct and convincing test of whether a trait shows any additive genetic variance (narrow-sense heritability) in the population. A. True B. False

33. 28. The Krogh principle approach asks what questions can be studied from an organism, instead of what organism is best suited to study a specific question. A. True B. False

34. 29. Stabilizing or disruptive selection can be detected by including the quadratic terms for traits in a multiple regression of Darwinian fitness (or components thereof) on measured phenotypic traits. A. True B. False

35. 30. Planned field-introduction experiments show that evolution in introduced populations can be rapid. A. True B. False

36. 31. Acclimation and acclimatization are both types of phenotypic plasticity, but they differ in that acclimation refers specifically to wild animals responding to field conditions and not in the lab. A. True B. False

37. 32. For most traits, sexual selection acts in the same direction as natural selection most of the time. A. True B. False

38. 33. For human beings, you might generally expect the heritability of morphological traits, such as body height, to be higher than for behavioral traits, such as preferences for particular foods. A. True B. False

39. 34. Phenotypic plasticity can be an adaptive strategy to cope with variable environments, and is a common phenomenon for many traits in almost all organisms. A. True B. False

40. 35. Limits in selection experiments may be related to: A. Exhaustion of additive genetic variance B. Counterpoising natural selection C. “Maxing out" of physiological abilities D. None of the above E. All of the above

41. 36. Complex traits are: A. Generally at relatively high levels of biological organization. B. Comprised of many subordinate traits. C. Affected by many genes and environmental factors. D. Often capable of exhibiting emergent properties. E. More than two of the above

42. 37. The strength of selection should decrease in the following order (choose the best answer). A. Tissues > Performance > DNA B. Proteins > DNA > Organs Systems C. Organismal performance > Behavior > Fitness D. Behavior > Organismal Performance > Proteins E. DNA > Proteins > Organelles

43. 38. Which of the following is NOT a reason that organisms are generally suboptimal? A. Behavior evolves too rapidly B. Genetic drift occurs in all populations C. Sexual selection enhances natural selection D. Biological materials have limitations E. Environments change too rapidly

44. 39. What is the minimum number of species needed to perform a phylogenetic comparison? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5

45. 40. Which of the following is a typical consequence of ignoring species relatedness when analyzing comparative data (e.g., data for one or more traits for a series of species)? A. The power to detect relationships will be affected B. Type I error rates will increase C. Estimates of slopes, correlations, etc. may be inaccurate D. Two of the above E. All of the above